{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:21:52Z","timestamp":1760232112704,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/91781\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/91781\/2012"]}]},{"name":"Forest Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/91781\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/91781\/2012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Social European Fund (FSE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/91781\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/00239\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/91781\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>European Black Pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) is a fast-growing conifer, currently distributed in a fragmented pattern from western North Africa through Southern Europe to Asia Minor and is an economically important native conifer in Southern Europe. In Portugal, P. nigra populations are allochthonous, and were planted 50\u201390 years ago with plant material of unknown origin. This work intended to evaluate and investigate long-term radial growth characteristics of the species on the westernmost part of Europe, outside its natural range, in mainland Portugal. To achieve this objective, six planted stands located in the north and centre of the country were chosen, which were considered representative of the distribution of the species in the country and the most extreme south-western location in Europe. The height and diameter at breast height was measured and the general state of these stands was evaluated. Overall, no mortality was observed except in one site, where trees manifested poor growth. Sampling a set of 15 trees per site, was used to create a database for analysis of the radial development of the species. The 90 trees sampled, with ages ranging from 56\u201398 years, provided a database of 5308 observations of diameter-age pairs. The Schumacher function was tested for the description of radial growth and provided satisfying results in terms of the model fitness, allowing us to summarize general trends of diameter growth among sites. Complementary analysis of radial growth at a tree age of 50-yr was performed to assess for differences among populations. It was concluded that radial growth differs between sites, and two statistically different groups were identified, although no specific latitudinal or longitudinal gradients were found. The information on the identified growth patterns can be used for decision-making purposes when considering species selection in afforestation or reforestation procedures in the context of adaptive management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land11060794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T01:40:45Z","timestamp":1653702045000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth Pattern of European Black Pine outside Its Current Natural Range: A Case Study in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture (CIFAP), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-1711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Louzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture (CIFAP), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6269-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture (CIFAP), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Isajev, V., Fady, B., Semerci, H., and Andonovski, V. (2004). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use for European Black Pine (Pinus Nigra), Bioversity International."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mirov, N.T. (1967). The Genus Pinus, Ronald Press Co."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vidakovi\u0107, M. (1991). Conifer Morphology and Variation, Grafi\u010dki zavod Hrvatske."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Dobrinov, I. (1983). Genetic and Selection of Forest Tree, Zemizdat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, J. (2005). The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution, University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226118697.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2006.01.011","article-title":"Structure of Pinus Nigra Arn. Populations in Bulgaria Revealed by Chloroplast Microsatellites and Terpenes Analysis: Provenance Tests","volume":"34","author":"Naydenov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-011-0537-x","article-title":"Influence of Region of Provenance and Climate Factors on Wood Anatomical Traits of Pinus Nigra Arn","volume":"131","author":"Esteban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subsp. Salzmannii. Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"165","article-title":"Geographic Variation in European Black Pine","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"1968","journal-title":"Silvae Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.05.007","article-title":"Chorological maps for the main European woody species","volume":"12","author":"Caudullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.06.024","article-title":"Long-Term Trends in Dominant-Height Growth of Black Pine Using Dynamic Models","volume":"256","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2009.11.008","article-title":"Late Quaternary Dynamics of Pinewoods in the Iberian Mountains","volume":"162","author":"Rubiales","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"32","article-title":"Pinus","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Gaussen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Flora Europaea"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Richardson, D.M. (1998). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Blanco, E., Casado, M., Costa, M., Escribano, R., Garc\u00eda Ant\u00f3n, M., G\u00e9nova, M., G\u00f3mez Manzaneque, G., Moreno, J., Morla, C., and Regato, P. (1997). Los Bosques Ib\u00e9ricos, Editorial Planeta."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Louro, V. (1982). O Pinheiro Laricio: Pinus Nigra Arnold Em Portugal, Direccao Geral do Ordenamento e Gestao Florestal."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Marques, H., Pinto, G., Pinto, P., and Teixeira, C. (2012). Regi\u00f5es de Proveni\u00eancia\u2014Portugal, Autoridade Florestal Nacional."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2022, April 08). IPMA O Clima Em Portugal: Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Tend\u00eancias e Cen\u00e1rios. Available online: http:\/\/portaldoclima.pt\/pt\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13925","article-title":"How Much Does Climate Change Threaten European Forest Tree Species Distributions?","volume":"24","author":"Dyderski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1051\/forest\/2009121","article-title":"Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arn.) Growth Divergence along a Latitudinal Gradient in Western Mediterranean Mountains","volume":"67","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"33","article-title":"Influence of Drought on Tree Rings and Tracheid Features of Pinus Nigra and Pinus Sylvestris in a Mesic Mediterranean Forest","volume":"132","author":"Beeckman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-012-0969-x","article-title":"Natural Regeneration of Spanish Black Pine [Pinus Nigra Arn. Ssp. Salzmannii (Dunal) Franco] at Contrasting Altitudes in a Mediterranean Mountain Area","volume":"27","author":"Fonseca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"627","article-title":"Perfecting a Stand-Density Index for Even-Aged Forests","volume":"46","author":"Reineke","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(85)90031-3","article-title":"Tolerance and Self-Tolerance of Trees","volume":"13","author":"Zeide","year":"1985","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2017261-10105","article-title":"Self-Thinning Dynamics in Cork Oak Woodlands: Providing a Baseline for Managing Density","volume":"26","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2004077","article-title":"The Allometric Model in the Stand Density Management of Pinus Pinaster Ait","volume":"61","author":"Fonseca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/01047760201824022513","article-title":"The Growing Space Utilization of Main Tree Species in Northern Turkey","volume":"24","author":"Kara","year":"2018","journal-title":"CERNE"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Martins, L., and Louro, V. (1983). Um Estudo Dendrom\u00e9trico Sobre o Pinheiro Lar\u00edcio (P. Nigra Arnold) Em Portugal, Direc\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral das Florestal."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gomez Loranca, J.A. (1996). Pinus Nigra Arn. En El Sistema Ib\u00e9rico: Tablas de Crecimiento y Producci\u00f3n, INIA. Monografias."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"818","article-title":"A New Growth Curve and Its Application to Timber-Yield Studies","volume":"37","author":"Schumacher","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tom\u00e9, M., and Burkhart, H.E. (2012). Modeling Forest Trees and Stands, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3170-9"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Richard, D. (1983). Applied Linear Regression Model, Irwin, Inc."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Myers, R.H. (1990). Classical and Modern Regression with Applications, Duxbury Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-018-0734-6","article-title":"Within- and between-Tree Variation of Wood Density Components in Pinus Nigra at Six Sites in Portugal","volume":"75","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc61023-1","article-title":"A Practical Approach to Density Management","volume":"61","author":"Long","year":"1985","journal-title":"Forest Chron."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"177","article-title":"Facteurs de Risque de Chablis Dans Les Peuplements Forestiers: Les Le\u00e7ons Tir\u00e9es Des Temp\u00eates de 1999","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Birot","year":"2009","journal-title":"La For\u00eat Face aux Temp\u00eates"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151948","article-title":"Development of a Catalogue of Damage in Portuguese Forest Associated with Extreme Extratropical Cyclones","volume":"814","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Fonseca, T.F. (2004). Modela\u00e7\u00e3o Do Crescimento, Mortalidade e Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Diam\u00e9trica, Do Pinhal Bravo No Vale Do T\u00e2mega. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383458","article-title":"Effect of Growth Conditions on Wood Quality Characteristics of Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arn.)","volume":"14","author":"Tsoumis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1139\/X07-189","article-title":"Tree Rings of Pinus Nigra from the Vienna Basin Region (Austria) Show Evidence of Change in Climatic Sensitivity in the Late 20th Century","volume":"38","author":"Leal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/11\/6\/794\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:51Z","timestamp":1760138391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/11\/6\/794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["land11060794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land11060794","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-445X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]}}}