{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T15:37:04Z","timestamp":1771256224300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["20173RRN2S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20173RRN2S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>European countries recently prepared recovery and resilience plans (RRPs) to recover from the pandemic crisis and reach climate neutrality. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are recognized as crucial drivers to fostering climate transition while addressing other challenges. Accordingly, RRPs offer the opportunity to promote the adoption of NBS. This article assesses the NBS embeddedness in the policy discourse of Italian and Portuguese RRPs and how they are considered to meet climate\u2013and related environmental\u2013targets. We conducted a discourse analysis based on two steps, (i) a quantitative analysis to classify different nature-related terms into four categories\u2014biophysical elements, general environmental concepts, threats and challenges, and NBS\u2014and estimate their frequency in the text; (ii) a qualitative analysis to understand the relationship between the categories of challenges and NBS as well as the dedicated investments. The results show that NBS are barely mentioned, with a frequency in the texts for the NBS category of 0.04% and 0.01%, respectively, in Italian and Portuguese RRPs. Narratives are mainly built around general concepts such as resilience and sustainability with nature scarcely considered as an ex novo solution to meet challenges. Notwithstanding, Italy invests 330 M in the implementation of urban forests, while in Portugal, no specific NBS interventions have been considered so far. To date, both countries are primarily orienting the climate transition toward reducing emissions instead of combining these measures with multifunctional NBS to address environmental and socio-economic challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land11081254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Embeddedness of Nature-Based Solutions in the Recovery and Resilience Plans as Multifunctional Approaches to Foster the Climate Transition: The Cases of Italy and Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1885-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Di Pirro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DiBT: Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3233-7663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOVCOPP: Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, Department of Environment and Planning, Campus Universitario de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Fid\u00e9lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOVCOPP: Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, Department of Environment and Planning, Campus Universitario de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9204-5123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Sallustio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiBT: Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Roebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM: Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, Campus Universitario de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiBT: Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiBT: Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Union (2021). The EU\u2019s 2021\u20132027 Long-Term Budget and NextGenerationEU. Facts and Figures, Publication office of the Europian Union."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106198","article-title":"Opinion Paper on Green Deal for the Urban Regeneration of Industrial Brownfield Land in Europe","volume":"119","author":"Sessa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission (2022, May 10). The 3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge For 2030. Available online: https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/publication\/commission-staff-working-document-swd2021651-3-billion-tree-planting-pledge-2030_en."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Union (2022). The Vital Role of Nature-Based Solutions in a Nature Positive Economy, Publication office of the Uropian Union."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Palah\u00ed, M., Pantsar, M., Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I., Poto\u010dnik, J., Stuchtey, M., Nasi, R., Lovins, H., Giovannini, E., and Fioramonti, L. (2022, May 10). Investing in Nature as the True Engine of Our Economy: A 10-Point Action Plan for a Circular Bioeconomy of Wellbeing; 2020; ISBN 978-952-5980-92-9. Available online: https:\/\/efi.int\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/publication-bank\/2020\/EFI_K2A_02_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Union (2021). Carbon Economy\u2014Studies on Support to Research and Innovation Policy in the Area of Bio-Based Products and Services, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hetem\u00e4ki, L., Palah\u00ed, M., and Nasi, R. (2020). Seeing the Wood in the Forests. Knowlege Action, 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.36333\/k2a01"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wild, T., Bulkeley, H., Naumann, S., Vojinovic, Z., Calfapietra, C., and Whiteoak, K. (2020). Nature-Based Solutions: State of the Art in EU-Funded Projects. Luxemb. Publ. Off. Eur. Union, 308."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., and Bonn, A. (2017). Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas, Theory and Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions; Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56091-5"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Veerkamp, C., Ramieri, E., Romanovska, L., Zandersen, M., F\u00f6rster, J., Rogger, M., and Martinsen, L. (2021). Assessment Frameworks of Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction, European Topic Centre on Climate Change impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation (ETC\/CCA) Technical Paper 2021\/3; European Environmental Agency."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo866","article-title":"Consistent Geographical Patterns of Changes in High-Impact European Heatwaves","volume":"3","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190120","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0120","article-title":"Understanding the Value and Limits of Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change and Other Global Challenges","volume":"375","author":"Seddon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., P\u00e9an, C., and Pidcock, R. (2022). Framing and Context. Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C, Cambridge University Press. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"62","article-title":"Natural Capital and Bioeconomy: Challenges and Opportunities for Forestry","volume":"38","author":"Marchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Silvic. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.08.005","article-title":"Current European Policies Are Unlikely to Jointly Foster Carbon Sequestration and Protect Biodiversity","volume":"201","author":"Burrascano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Naumann, S., Anzaldua, G., Gerdes, H., Frelih-Larsen, A., Davis, M., Berry, P., Burch, S., and Sanders, M. (2022, May 10). Assessment of the Potential of Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/metadata\/publications\/assessment-of-the-potential-of-ecosystem-based-approaches-to-climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation-in-europe."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"McDonald, R., Aljabar, L., Aubuchon, C., Birnbaum, H., Chandler, C., Toomey, B., Daley, J., Jimenez, W., Trieschman, E., and Paque, J. (2017). Funding Trees for Health. An Analysis of Finance and Policy Actions to Enable Tree Planting for Public Health, The Nature Conservancy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.023","article-title":"Ecosystem Services Accounts: Valuing the Actual Flow of Nature-Based Recreation from Ecosystems to People","volume":"392","author":"Vallecillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.043","article-title":"Comprehending the Multiple \u2018Values\u2019 of Green Infrastructure \u2013 Valuing Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Water Management from Multiple Perspectives","volume":"158","author":"Wild","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.841215","article-title":"Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing-Based Approaches Can Help Transform Our Economies","volume":"10","author":"Sangha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.10.003","article-title":"Addressing Societal Challenges through Nature-Based Solutions: How Can Landscape Planning and Governance Research Contribute?","volume":"182","author":"Albert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.02.011","article-title":"Urban Forests, Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions: Nexus or Evolving Metaphors?","volume":"37","author":"Escobedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.032","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with Nature to Address Social, Economic and Environmental Challenges","volume":"159","author":"Faivre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2019.04.014","article-title":"Core Principles for Successfully Implementing and Upscaling Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"98","author":"Andrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"European Commission (2015). Towards an EU Research and Innovation Policy Agenda for Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities. Final Report of the Horizon 2020 Expert Group on \u201cNature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities\u201d (Full Version), European Commission."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146237","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions in the Urban Context: Terminology, Classification and Scoring for Urban Challenges and Ecosystem Services","volume":"779","author":"Castellar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e718","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00229-1","article-title":"Green Space and Mortality in European Cities: A Health Impact Assessment Study","volume":"5","author":"Barboza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Heal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.040","article-title":"Urban Natural Environments as Nature-Based Solutions for Improved Public Health\u2014A Systematic Review of Reviews","volume":"158","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spano, G., D\u2019este, M., Giannico, V., Carrus, G., Elia, M., Lafortezza, R., Panno, A., and Sanesi, G. (2020). Are Community Gardening and Horticultural Interventions Beneficial for Psychosocial Well-Being? A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103584"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0903","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903","article-title":"Nature and Mental Health: An Ecosystem Service Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Bratman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.07.003","article-title":"Estimating the Removal of Atmospheric Particulate Pollution by the Urban Tree Canopy of London, under Current and Future Environments","volume":"103","author":"Tallis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137310","article-title":"Relationships between Air Particulate Matter Capture Efficiency and Leaf Traits in Twelve Tree Species from an Italian Urban-Industrial Environment","volume":"718","author":"Sgrigna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusaro, L., Marando, F., Sebastiani, A., Capotorti, G., Blasi, C., Copiz, R., Congedo, L., Munaf\u00f2, M., Ciancarella, L., and Manes, F. (2017). Mapping and Assessment of PM10 and O3 Removal by Woody Vegetation at Urban and Regional Level. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080791"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valeri, S., Zavattero, L., and Capotorti, G. (2021). Ecological Connectivity in Agricultural Green Infrastructure: Suggested Criteria for Fine Scale Assessment and Planning. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10080807"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.01.017","article-title":"Mapping a Green Infrastructure Network: A Framework for Spatial Connectivity Applied in Northern Italy","volume":"131","author":"Staccione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions or Debacles? The Politics of Reflexive Governance for Sustainable and Just Cities","volume":"2","author":"Kiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Cities"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.02.028","article-title":"Competing Narratives of Nature-Based Solutions: Leveraging the Power of Nature or Dangerous Distraction?","volume":"132","author":"Melanidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15310","article-title":"Mapping the Effectiveness of Nature-based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation","volume":"26","author":"Chausson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-022-00047-z","article-title":"Beyond Demonstrators\u2014Tackling Fundamental Problems in Amplifying Nature-Based Solutions for the Post-COVID-19 World","volume":"2","author":"Hack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Urban Sustain."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz042","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making","volume":"69","author":"Frantzeskaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Raymond, C.M., Pam, B., Breil, M., Nita, M.R., Kabisch, N., de Bel, M., Enzi, V., Frantzeskaki, N., Geneletti, D., and Cardinaletti, M. (2017). An Impact Evaluation Framework to Support Planning and Evaluation of Nature-Based Solutions Projects, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Dumitru, A., and Wendling, L. (2021). Evaluating the Impact of Nature-Based Solutions\u2014A Handbook for Practitioners, Publication office of the Uropian Union."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarabi, S., Han, Q., Romme, A.G.L., de Vries, B., Valkenburg, R., Den Ouden, E., Zalokar, S., and Wendling, L. (2021). Barriers to the Adoption of Urban Living Labs for Nbs Implementation: A Systemic Perspective. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132313276"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pirro, E., Sallustio, L., Castellar, J.A.C., Sgrigna, G., Marchetti, M., and Lasserre, B. (2022). Facing Multiple Environmental Challenges through Maximizing the Co-Benefits of Nature-Based Solutions at a National Scale in Italy. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13040548"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, R., Fid\u00e9lis, T., Roebeling, P., and Teles, F. (2020). The Institutionalization of Nature-Based Solutions-a Discourse Analysis of Emergent Literature. Resources, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources9010006"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127450","article-title":"Scaling up Nature-Based Solutions for Climate-Change Adaptation: Potential and Benefits in Three European Cities","volume":"67","author":"Cortinovis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, R., Roebeling, P., Fid\u00e9lis, T., and Saraiva, M. (2021). Policy Instruments to Encourage the Adoption of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Landscapes. Resources, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources10080081"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, May 10). UNEP Smart, Sustainable and Resilient Cities: The Power of Nature-Based Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/smart-sustainable-and-resilient-cities-power-nature-based-solutions."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2021.12.010","article-title":"Strengthening the Implementation of National Policy Agenda in Urban Areas to Face Multiple Environmental Stressors: Italy as a Case Study","volume":"129","author":"Sallustio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"NBS in European and National Policy Framework","volume":"50","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Naturvation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarabi, S.E., Han, Q., Romme, A.G.L., de Vries, B., and Wendling, L. (2019). Key Enablers of and Barriers to the Uptake and Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Settings: A Review. Resources, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources8030121"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/1523908X.2019.1660462","article-title":"Discourse Analysis of Environmental Policy Revisited: Traditions, Trends, Perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Leipold","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2022, May 10). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri Piano Nazionale Di Ripresa e Resilienza, Available online: https:\/\/italiadomani.gov.it\/it\/home.html."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2022, May 10). MINIST\u00c9RIO DO PLANEAMENTO PRR\u2014Recuperar Portugal Construindo O Futuro, Available online: https:\/\/recuperarportugal.gov.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s43615-021-00008-1","article-title":"Sustainability Narratives as Transformative Solution Pathways: Zooming in on the Circular Economy","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Econ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2017.1320538","article-title":"Functions of Sustainability: Exploring What Urban Sustainability Policy Discourse \u201cDoes\u201d in the Gothenburg Metropolitan Area","volume":"22","author":"Tahvilzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2017.07.008","article-title":"A Framework for Assessing and Implementing the Co-Benefits of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Areas","volume":"77","author":"Raymond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.05.019","article-title":"Green and Brown Infrastructures Support a Landscape-Level Implementation of Ecological Engineering","volume":"120","author":"Mander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2018.07.004","article-title":"Ecosystem-Based Water Security and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","volume":"18","author":"Cak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439307312485","article-title":"Utilizing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: A Review of Atlas.Ti","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.14512\/gaia.24.4.9","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Eggermont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gaia"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Corbin, J., and Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, SAGE Publication, Inc.. IV."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/1943815X.2011.556649","article-title":"Natura 2000 and the Narrative Nature of Nature: A Case for Critical Discourse Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Sumares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Integr. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.08.013","article-title":"Looking at Retail Planning Policy through a Sustainability Lens: Evidence from Policy Discourse in Finland","volume":"79","author":"Rashidfarokhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Lowry, L.L., and Lee, M. (2016). CittaSlow, Slow Cities, Slow Food: Searching for a Model for the Development of Slow Tourism. Travel Tour. Res. Assoc. Adv. Tour. Res. Glob., 40, Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/CittaSlow%2C-Slow-Cities%2C-Slow-Food%3A-Searching-for-a-Lowry-Lee\/fa6d9d7bfdc4f58207d3ae4dc7681f68c6409c3e."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Gather, M., Luttmerding, A., and Berding, J. (2013). A Strategy for \u201cInner Areas\u201d in Italy. Education, Local Economy and Job Opportunities in Rural Area, Proceedings of the 2nd EURUFU Scientific Conference, Milan, Italy, 14\u201316 October 2015, Transport and Spatial Planning Institute, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104899","article-title":"Aligning Inner Peripheries with Rural Development in Italy: Territorial Evidence to Support Policy Contextualization","volume":"100","author":"Vizzarri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"52","article-title":"Perspectives in Bioeconomy: Strategies, Green Deal and Covid19","volume":"17","author":"Marchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Riv. di Selvic. ed Ecol. For."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S359","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/graa015","article-title":"Will COVID-19 Fiscal Recovery Packages Accelerate or Retard Progress on Climate Change?","volume":"36","author":"Hepburn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126576","article-title":"Natural Outdoor Environment, Neighbourhood Social Cohesion and Mental Health: Using Multilevel Structural Equation Modelling, Streetscape and Remote-Sensing Metrics","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017","article-title":"Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities \u201cJust Green Enough\u201d","volume":"125","author":"Wolch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"IUCN (2020). IUCN Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions: A User-Friendly Framework for the Verification, Design and Scaling up of NbS: First Edition, IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2022, June 29). MUR PNRR: Nascono i 5 Centri Nazionali Di Ricerca, Available online: https:\/\/www.mur.gov.it\/it\/news\/mercoledi-15062022\/pnrr-nascono-i-5-centri-nazionali-la-ricerca."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eist.2016.09.001","article-title":"Exploring the Governance and Politics of Transformations towards Sustainability","volume":"24","author":"Patterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Innov. Soc. Transitions"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scoones, I., Leach, M., and Newell, P. (2015). The Politics of Green Transformations, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315747378-1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J.R., Meireles, C.I.R., Pinto Gomes, C.J., and Almeida Ribeiro, N.M.C. (2019). Historical Development of the Portuguese Forest: The Introduction of Invasive Species. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10110974"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-015-0999-8","article-title":"Using Forest Management to Control Invasive Alien Species: Helping Implement the New European Regulation on Invasive Alien Species","volume":"18","author":"Sitzia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"99","article-title":"Silvicultural Aspects of Artificial Black Pine Plantations: Analysis of Italian Regional Laws","volume":"15","author":"Cantiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Riv. di Selvic. ed Ecol. For."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.03.005","article-title":"Urban Forest Research in the Mediterranean: A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Salbitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"74","article-title":"Decree on Climate 2019. What Resources Support Forests and Silviculture in Our Cities?","volume":"16","author":"Salbitano","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Riv. di Selvic. ed Ecol. For."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.08.010","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Risk Reduction: A Probabilistic Modeling Framework","volume":"4","author":"Lallemant","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"World Bank (2017). Implementing Nature-Based Flood Protection: Principles and Implementation Guidance, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.077","article-title":"The Superior Effect of Nature Based Solutions in Land Management for Enhancing Ecosystem Services","volume":"610\u2013611","author":"Keesstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08346","article-title":"Cost-Effective Water Quality Improvement in Linked Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems: A Spatial Environmentaleconomic Modelling Approach","volume":"60","author":"Roebeling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25477","DOI":"10.3897\/oneeco.3.e25477","article-title":"Mapping and Assessing Ecosystem Services to Support Urban Planning: A Case Study on Brownfield Regeneration in Trento, Italy","volume":"3","author":"Cortinovis","year":"2018","journal-title":"One Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langergraber, G., Castellar, J.A.C., Pucher, B., Baganz, G.F.M., Milosevic, D., Andreucci, M.B., Kearney, K., Pineda-Martos, R., and Atanasova, N. (2021). A Framework for Addressing Circularity Challenges in Cities with Nature-Based Solutions. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13172355"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147058","article-title":"Nature-Based Solutions Efficiency Evaluation against Natural Hazards: Modelling Methods, Advantages and Limitations","volume":"784","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2022.101309","article-title":"Evaluating the Potential of Marginal Lands Available for Sustainable Cellulosic Biofuel Production in Italy","volume":"82","author":"Sallustio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Socioecon. Plann. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.06.001","article-title":"Green and Cool Roofs\u2019 Urban Heat Island Mitigation Potential in European Climates for Office Buildings under Free Floating Conditions","volume":"95","author":"Kolokotsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2495\/DNE-V13-N4-384-394","article-title":"Effects of Vertical Green Technology on Building Surface Temperature","volume":"13","author":"Blanco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooijman, E.D., McQuaid, S., Rhodes, M.L., Collier, M.J., and Pilla, F. (2021). Innovating with Nature: From Nature-Based Solutions to Nature-Based Enterprises. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031263"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254704","article-title":"Whose Conservation?","volume":"345","author":"Mace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/11\/8\/1254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:55Z","timestamp":1760141095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/11\/8\/1254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["land11081254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land11081254","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]}}}