{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:44:42Z","timestamp":1773812682626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most recent and pressing issues for policymakers to address is the presence of wild boars in urban and rural areas. Their aggressive spread and invasion of human-populated areas have created an alarming problem as the coexistence of wild boars and people poses serious threats to human life and property. Human-caused factors, such as residential zone expansion and land use change, have exacerbated this problem. Furthermore, natural factors, such as predator reduction and climate change effects, create favorable conditions for population growth. This study sought to gain insights into citizens\u2019 perspectives on a current issue, specifically wild boar colonization and coexistence in urban and rural settings. Between September 2021 and November 2022, a survey was conducted in two communities of northern and central Greece, addressing 800 citizens in total. Obtained through hierarchical log-linear analysis, factor analysis and two-step cluster analysis, the findings indicate that rural citizens appear to be more concerned about agricultural production losses and the high risk of road accidents, while the invasion-level perception was high in both areas. Intensive hunting has gained widespread acceptance as a management tool for wild boar populations in both urban and rural areas, while anthropocentric (EGO) and ecocentric (ECO) social groups have emerged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land12040832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T05:42:44Z","timestamp":1680673364000},"page":"832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Managing the Conflict of Human\u2013Wildlife Coexistence: A Community-Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stilianos","family":"Tampakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1856-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Ath., Pantazidou 193, 68200 Orestiada, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Tourism Sustainability and Well-Being, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8370-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Karanikola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Ath., Pantazidou 193, 68200 Orestiada, Greece"}]},{"given":"Rallou","family":"Gkarmiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Georgoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samdin, Z., Kamaruddin, N., and Razali, S.M. (2023). Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services in Improving Livelihoods for Local Communities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-3342-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s42398-018-00038-w","article-title":"Environmental sustainability: Challenges and viable solutions","volume":"1","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., and Carranza, J. (2023). Genetic Diversity of Wild Boar and Deer. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010011"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-012-0229-6","article-title":"Impact of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in its introduced and native range: A review","volume":"14","author":"Ballari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1703.12113","article-title":"Impact of wild boar rooting on small forest-dwelling rodents","volume":"35","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Daoutis, I.B. (2013). Reproductive Parameters of Free Range Pigs, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-020-00534-7","article-title":"Historical range expansion and biological changes of Sus scrofa corresponding to domestication and feralization","volume":"66","author":"Wehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mamm Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35865-8","article-title":"Hotspots of recent hybridization between pigs and wild boars in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Iacolina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820915","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.820915","article-title":"Wild boar survives in a landscape that prohibits anthropogenic persecution","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03195196","article-title":"Reproductive and demographic parameters in two Iberian wild boar Sus scrofa populations","volume":"53","author":"Herrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mammal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.09.019","article-title":"Spatial distribution of wild boar population abundance: Basic information for spatial epidemiology and wildlife management","volume":"36","author":"Acevedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3965","article-title":"Wild boar populations up, numbers of hunters down? A review of trends and implications for Europe","volume":"71","author":"Massei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03167","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3167","article-title":"How do conditions at birth influence early-life growth rates in wild boar?","volume":"11","author":"Veylit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetter, S.G., Ruf, T., Bieber, C., and Arnold, W. (2015). What is a mild winter? Regional differences in within-species responses to climate change. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132178"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03192685","article-title":"Factors affecting wild boar abundance across an environmental gradient in Spain","volume":"51","author":"Acevedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basak, S.M., Wierzbowska, I.A., Gajda, A., Czarnoleski, M., Lesiak, M., and Widera, E. (2020). Human\u2013Wildlife Conflicts in Krakow City, Southern Poland. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061014"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Licoppe, A., Pr\u00e9vot, C., Heymans, M., Bovy, C., Casaer, J., and Cahill, S. (2013, January 28). Wild boar\/feral pig in (peri-) urban areas. Proceedings of the International Union of Game Biologists\u2013Congress IUGB, Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12028","article-title":"Towards understanding wild boar Sus scrofa movement: A synthetic movement ecology approach","volume":"45","author":"Morelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20964-4","article-title":"Endangered animals and plants are positively or neutrally related to wild boar (Sus scrofa) soil disturbance in urban grasslands","volume":"12","author":"Cabon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-019-00422-9","article-title":"Seasonal spatial ecology of the wild boar in a peri-urban area","volume":"64","author":"Amendolia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mammal Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.277","article-title":"Urban wild boars prefer fragmented areas with food resources near natural corridors","volume":"615","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"233","article-title":"Conflicts, crises and challenges: Wild boar in the Berlin City\u2013a social empirical and statistical survey","volume":"17","author":"Kotulski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Natura Croatica: Period. Musei Hist. Nat. Croat."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"37","article-title":"Demographics of a wild boar Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 population in a metropolitan park in Barcelona","volume":"16","author":"Cahill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Galemys"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1644\/12-MAMM-A-038.1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal behavioral plasticity of wild boar (Sus scrofa) under contrasting conditions of human pressure: Primeval forest and metropolitan area","volume":"94","author":"Okarma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12756","article-title":"Do cities represent sources, sinks or isolated islands for urban wild boar population structure?","volume":"54","author":"Stillfried","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Armstrong, J.B., and Gallagher, G.R. (2013, January 25\u201328). Wild pig attacks on humans. Proceedings of the 15th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Clemson, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kiss, T. (2022). Natural Hazards and the Mitigation of Their Impact, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159479","article-title":"Global economic costs of mammal invasions","volume":"857","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.171271","article-title":"Urban wild boars and risk for zoonotic Streptococcus suis, Spain","volume":"24","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuberogoitia, I., Del Real, J., Torres, J.J., Rodr\u00edguez, L., Alonso, M., and Zabala, J. (2014). Ungulate vehicle collisions in a peri-urban environment: Consequences of transportation infrastructures planned assuming the absence of ungulates. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107713"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002","article-title":"Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Pimentel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-8574(99)00074-9","article-title":"Selective depredation of planted hardwood seedlings by wild pigs in a wetland restoration area","volume":"15","author":"Mayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2008.08.001","article-title":"Detection of hybrids between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in Greece, using the PCR-RFLP method on melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) mutations","volume":"75","author":"Koutsogiannouli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2012.35.0221","article-title":"Characteristics of wild boar (Sus scrofa) habituation to urban areas in the Collserola Natural Park (Barcelona) and comparison with other locations","volume":"35","author":"Cahill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"17","article-title":"Assessment of costs associated with deer\u2013vehicle collisions: Human death and injury, vehicle damage, and deer loss","volume":"2","author":"Bissonette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. -Wildl. Confl."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"30","article-title":"Human-wild boar conflict in Korea","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wildl. Monogr. Hyogo"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1305.061302","article-title":"Leptospirosis in urban wild boars, Berlin, Germany","volume":"13","author":"Jansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2004)068[0939:EOHFAF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Efficacy of hunting, feeding, and fencing to reduce crop damage by wild boars","volume":"68","author":"Geisser","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"79","article-title":"Too many hogs? A review of methods to mitigate impact by wild boar and feral hogs","volume":"5","author":"Massei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum.-Wildl. Interact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-10353-230412","article-title":"Community empowerment for managing wild boar: A longitudinal case study of northern Italy 2001\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01094.x","article-title":"Population dynamics in wild boar Sus scrofa: Ecology, elasticity of growth rate and implications for the management of pulsed resource consumers","volume":"42","author":"Bieber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2016.09.004","article-title":"Local people\u2019s perceptions of wildlife species in two distinct landscapes of Northern Tanzania","volume":"34","author":"Bencin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.040","article-title":"Public acceptance of management methods under different human\u2013wildlife conflict scenarios","volume":"579","author":"Liordos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dushkova, D., and Haase, D. (2020). Not simply green: Nature-based solutions as a concept and practical approach for sustainability studies and planning agendas in cities. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9010019"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Freese, F. (1984). Statistics for Land Managers. An Introduction to Sampling Methods and Statistical Analysis for Foresters, Farmers and Environmental Biologists, Paeony Press."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kalamatianou, A.G. (2005). One-Dimensional Analysis Methods, Publications to Oikonomiko."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Matis, \u039a.G. (2000). Forest Sampling, Aristotle University Press."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Pagano, M., and Gauvreau, K. (2000). Elements of Biostatistics, Ellin Publications."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (1989). Using Multivariate Statistics, Harper and Row. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2010.04.011","article-title":"The state of the art of environmental valuation with discrete choice experiments","volume":"69","author":"Hoyos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Siardos, G.K. (1999). Methods of Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Part I: Investigating Relationships between Variables, Zitis Publications."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Mendenhall, W. (1979). Introduction to Probability and Statistics, Duxbury Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., and Dickey, D.A. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics a Biometrical Approach, WCB\/McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Filias, B., Pappas, P., Antonopoulou, M., Zarnari, O., Maggana, I., Nikolakopoulos, H., Papachristou, E., Peratzaki, I., Sampson, E., and Psychogios, E. (2000). Introduction in the Methodology and Methods of Social Studies, Gutenberg Social Library."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Frangos, C.K. (2004). Methodology of Market Research and Data Analysis with the Use of the Statistical Package SPSS for Windows, Interbooks Publications."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Howitt, D., and Gramer, D. (2003). Statistics with the SPSS 11 for Windows, Kleidarithmos Publications."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Karlis, D. (2005). Multivariable Statistical Analysis, A. Stamoulis Publishing."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Harman, H.H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis, The University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Bacher, J., Wenzig, K., and Vogler, M. (2004). Working Paper, Open Access Repository, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Soziologie. Available online: https:\/\/www.ssoar.info\/ssoar\/bitstream\/handle\/document\/32715\/ssoar-2004-bacher_et_al-SPSS_TwoStep_Cluster_-_a.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"SPSS (2007). SPSS Categories 16. A Software Package, SPSS Inc.. version 16.0."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Brown, M., Haselsteiner, E., Apr\u00f3, D., Kopeva, D., Luca, E., Pulkkinen, K., and Vula Rizvanolli, B. (2018). Sustainability, Restorative to Regenerative. COST Action CA16114 RESTORE, Working Group One Report: Restorative Sustainability, EURAC Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurestore.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Sustainability-Restorative-to-Regenerative.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13513","article-title":"Human\u2013wildlife coexistence in a changing world","volume":"34","author":"Kiffner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s42991-021-00125-2","article-title":"Factors affecting the crop damage by wild boar (Sus scrofa) and effects of population control in the Ticino and Lake Maggiore Park (North-western Italy)","volume":"101","author":"Cappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703432","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2021.703432","article-title":"Beasts in the Garden: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in India\u2019s Past and Present","volume":"2","author":"Oommen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Conserv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.105009","article-title":"Using social network methodological approach to better understand human\u2013wildlife interactions","volume":"99","author":"Nita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulgione, D., and Buglione, M. (2022). The Boar War: Five Hot Factors Unleashing Boar Expansion and Related Emergency. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11060887"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorca, A., Fedorca, M., Ionescu, O., Jurj, R., Ionescu, G., and Popa, M. (2021). Sustainable landscape planning to mitigate wildlife\u2013vehicle collisions. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10070737"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"81","article-title":"Wild Boar in Flanders, Belgium: (Dis)agreements Between Key Stakeholders on Wild Boar Management Objectives, Actions, and Legal Provisions","volume":"15","author":"Geeraerts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum.\u2013Wildl. Interact."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-164","article-title":"Eradication of feral pigs from Pinnacles National Monument","volume":"72","author":"McCann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[271:FTDAEE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Facing the dilemma at eradication\u2019s end: Uncertainty of absence and the Lazarus effect","volume":"5","author":"Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hone, J. (2012). Applied Population and Community Ecology: The Case of Feral Pigs in Australia, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118329689"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepin, K.M., Davis, A.J., Cunningham, F.L., VerCauteren, K.C., and Eckery, D.C. (2017). Potential effects of incorporating fertility control into typical culling regimes in wild pig populations. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183441"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02017.x","article-title":"Influence of harvesting pressure on demographic tactics: Implications for wildlife management","volume":"48","author":"Servanty","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1071\/WR14229","article-title":"Human\u2013wildlife interactions in urban areas: A review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Soulsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Desbiez, A.L. (2007). Wildlife Conservation in the Pantanal: Habitat Alteration, Invasive Species and Bushmeat Hunting. [Doctoral Thesis, University of Kent]. Available online: https:\/\/ethos.bl.uk\/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445718."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2016.11.030","article-title":"Spatio-temporal characteristics of crop damage caused by wild boar in north-eastern Poland","volume":"93","author":"Bobek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-008-0183-x","article-title":"Patterns of crop damage by wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Luxembourg over a 10-year period","volume":"54","author":"Schley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/12\/4\/832\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:10:21Z","timestamp":1760123421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/12\/4\/832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["land12040832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land12040832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]}}}