{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:43:48Z","timestamp":1776415428689,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese research agency, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SALTFREE\u2014ARIMNET2\/0004\/2015 SALTFREE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SALTFREE\u2014ARIMNET2\/0004\/2015 SALTFREE"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese research agency, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["ARIMNET2\/0005\/2015 SALTFREE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARIMNET2\/0005\/2015 SALTFREE"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese research agency, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["862695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862695"]}]},{"name":"European Joint Programme Cofund on Agricultural Soil Management","award":["SALTFREE\u2014ARIMNET2\/0004\/2015 SALTFREE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SALTFREE\u2014ARIMNET2\/0004\/2015 SALTFREE"]}]},{"name":"European Joint Programme Cofund on Agricultural Soil Management","award":["ARIMNET2\/0005\/2015 SALTFREE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARIMNET2\/0005\/2015 SALTFREE"]}]},{"name":"European Joint Programme Cofund on Agricultural Soil Management","award":["862695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862695"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon H2020 research and innovation project","award":["SALTFREE\u2014ARIMNET2\/0004\/2015 SALTFREE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SALTFREE\u2014ARIMNET2\/0004\/2015 SALTFREE"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon H2020 research and innovation project","award":["ARIMNET2\/0005\/2015 SALTFREE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARIMNET2\/0005\/2015 SALTFREE"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon H2020 research and innovation project","award":["862695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862695"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) are geophysical techniques measuring soil electrical conductivity and providing insights into properties correlated with it to depths of several meters. EMI measures the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, dS m\u22121) without physical contact, while ERT acquires apparent electrical resistivity (ERa, ohm m) using electrodes. Both involve mathematical inversion to obtain models of spatial distribution for soil electrical conductivity (\u03c3, mS m\u22121) and electrical resistivity (\u03c1, ohm m), respectively, where \u03c1 is the reciprocal of \u03c3. Soil salinity can be assessed from \u03c3 over large areas using a calibration process consisting of a regression between \u03c3 and the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil paste extract (ECe, dS m\u22121), used as a proxy for soil salinity. This research aims to compare the prediction abilities of the faster EMI to the more reliable ERT for estimating \u03c3 and predicting soil salinity. The study conducted surveys and sampling at four locations with distinct salinity levels in Portugal, analysing the agreement between the techniques, and obtained 2D vertical soil salinity maps. In our case study, the agreement between EMI and ERT models was fairly good in three locations, with \u03c3 varying between 50 and 500 mS m\u22121. However, this was not the case at location 4, where \u03c3 exceeded 1000 mS m\u22121 and EMI significantly underestimated \u03c3 when compared to ERT. As for soil salinity prediction, both techniques generally provided satisfactory and comparable regional-level predictions of ECe, and the observed underestimation in EMI models did not significantly affect the overall estimation of soil salinity. Consequently, EMI demonstrated an acceptable level of accuracy in comparison to ERT in our case studies, supporting confidence in utilizing this faster and more practical technique for measuring soil salinity over large areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land13030295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T03:35:48Z","timestamp":1709004948000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of Electromagnetic Induction and Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Assessing Soil Salinity: Insights from Four Plots with Distinct Soil Salinity Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Catarina","family":"Paz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RESILIENCE\u2014Center for Regional Resilience and Sustainability, Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Rua Am\u00e9rico da Silva Marinho, 2839-001 Barreiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e1dia Lu\u00edsa","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas (Edif\u00edcio Sede), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Marta","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas (Edif\u00edcio Sede), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas (Edif\u00edcio Sede), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Monteiro Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C1, Piso 1, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Farzamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas (Edif\u00edcio Sede), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Geographical Studies (CEG), IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2019.07.001","article-title":"Chapter One\u2014Review of Soil Salinity Assessment for Agriculture across Multiple Scales Using Proximal and\/or Remote Sensors","volume":"Volume 158","author":"Sparks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2004.10.005","article-title":"Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Agriculture","volume":"46","author":"Corwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. 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