{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T03:18:10Z","timestamp":1772075890237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Game species with home ranges exceeding the area of the management units may entail conflicts over hunting rights and cause damage to crops and forest stands in surrounding areas. This is currently the case in the Mendro Mountain Range (Portugal), inhabited by free-ranging red (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) populations. This study\u2019s primary goal was to uncover the processes underlying these tensions and identify solutions to overcome them, thus reconciling the economic, social, and ecological functions of hunting. We analyzed data from three different sources of information regarding the surveyed management units: biophysical and anthropical spatial data collected using a GIS; typology, whether fenced, area and game bag results, data provided by a public institute; crop and forest damage locations reported by game managers. Approximately half of the surveyed open management units reported damage. We found no relationship between damage and game bag results, regardless of the typology and habitat quality index. To address this disconnection between the negative and positive values associated with deer locally, we proposed habitat management solutions. It is of chief importance to keep valuable crops apart from deer\u2019s refuge cover, such as bushy areas, to minimize damage in management units where deer hunting is a subsidiary activity. Conversely, in management units where deer hunting is of significant economic importance, the food and refuge cover should be closely interspersed to increase the management unit\u2019s carrying capacity. To improve the efficacy of measures such as this at a regional scale, as in the Mendro Mountain Range, we recommend implementing a so-called Global Management Plan. In Portuguese law, this governance instrument applies to the entire biologic unit where the deer populations occur, thus implying arrangements between the involved stakeholders and multiple other concerned institutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land13040525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T08:41:06Z","timestamp":1713256866000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Planning for Deer-Hunting Management at the Local and Regional Scales: Reconciling Economic, Social and Ecological Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Bicho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, School of Sciences and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Col\u00e9gio Lu\u00eds Verney, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4345-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of \u00c9vora, Mitra Pole, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"IIFA\u2014Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8806-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell","family":"Alpizar-Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIFA\u2014Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMA\u2014Research Center in Mathematics and Applications, Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of \u00c9vora Pole, Col\u00e9gio Lu\u00eds Verney, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7907-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, School of Sciences and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Col\u00e9gio Lu\u00eds Verney, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of \u00c9vora, Mitra Pole, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"IIFA\u2014Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-009-0274-3","article-title":"Is the Nature 2000 Network Associated with Small-Game Bag Results?","volume":"55","author":"Godinho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. 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