{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:20:20Z","timestamp":1774891220845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on a literature review, the present article aims to present ecotourism as a transformative factor in the economic, social, cultural, and environmental contexts, revealing key elements for the sustainable development of ecotourism. To ensure that this objective is met, the review combines the insights of classical authors and many recent authors who have best addressed the subject. The review carefully selected consensual and contradictory arguments, reflecting on the relevance of each group, particularly in aspects such as the influence of emotional experience on behaviour and satisfaction, strategy and competitive advantage, cooperation and sustainability, and the influence of resilience on ecotourism. The impact of each perspective was presented without ignoring the major constraints that ecotourism faces in its search for a position in the tourism industry. This led the study to accept the fact that the active participation of the community is indispensable in the formula for the success of ecotourism. Some statistical data were consulted and analysed, which enabled the study to determine the quantitative impact of ecotourism on economic, social, and environmental life. In terms of benefits to communities, the review clarifies the fact that ecotourism serves as an instrument that mobilizes not only the additional value of products and services traded in the process, but also the return on investments and job creation. The combination of visiting activities with the involvement of tour guides contributes to maximizing profits in the destinations, thus supporting solid economic, social, and environmental development for the benefit of both ecotourism promoters and local communities. However, the analysis makes it clear that the economic, social, and environmental benefit depends on the degree of involvement of the local population. In terms of usability, for other studies, this review can contribute to the understanding and positioning of ecotourism in the search for a balance between satisfying socioeconomic and environmental interests. Additionally, it can serve as an aid to policy makers in their decisions related to ecotourism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land14081531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1753443521000},"page":"1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Transformative Power of Ecotourism: A Comprehensive Review of Its Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paulino Ricardo","family":"Cossengue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Organisation and Marketing, Espa\u00f1a, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales y Turismo, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s\/n, 32004 Ourense, Galicia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-6492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Fraiz","family":"Brea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Organisation and Marketing, Espa\u00f1a, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales y Turismo, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s\/n, 32004 Ourense, Galicia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9672-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Oliveira","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REMIT-Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Department of Economics and Management, Universidade Portucalense, 4200-027 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas n\u00ba 1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Perception, reality and intent in Bihorean tourism, Romania","volume":"64","author":"Herman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, B., Arantes, L., and Bhartiya, S. (2025). Challenges of ecotourism in Africa: The state of the art. Regenerative Tourism for Social Development, IGI Global Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3373-0235-5"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"237","article-title":"The ecotourism in the Central Plateau of Angola: An exploratory analysis of destinations potential","volume":"14","author":"Cossengue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr. J. Hosp. Tour. Leis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1108\/BL-07-2022-0112","article-title":"Mediating effect of innovation capability between entrepreneurial resources and micro business performance","volume":"36","author":"Taleb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bottom Line"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-101718-033046","article-title":"Ecotourism for conservation?","volume":"44","author":"Stronza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"104","article-title":"Investigating the sense of place attitudes to quality of life of urban communities nearby the river","volume":"64","author":"Mousazadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Geogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2478\/euco-2021-0039","article-title":"Barriers to start and develop transformative ecotourism business","volume":"13","author":"Vilke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Countrys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/14724040608668444","article-title":"Ecotourism: A consumption perspective","volume":"5","author":"Sharpley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ecotour."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"215","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the role of ecotourism in sustainable tourism development","volume":"18","author":"Salman","year":"2020","journal-title":"E-Rev. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.01.013","article-title":"Intention to visit and willingness to pay premium for ecotourism: The impact of attitude, materialism, and motivation","volume":"68","author":"Hultman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/1467358418781442","article-title":"A structural analysis of destination brand equity in mountainous tourism destination in Northern India","volume":"19","author":"Kaushal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Hosp. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"312","article-title":"The role of emotional experience and destination image on ecotourism satisfaction","volume":"25","author":"Quynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Span. J. Mark.-ESIC"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/10941665.2021.1925316","article-title":"Sustainable rural tourism: Linking residents\u2019 environmentally responsible behaviour to tourists\u2019 green consumption","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2011.03.009","article-title":"Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experience","volume":"38","author":"Tung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1108\/09604521011041961","article-title":"Drivers of customers\u2019 service experiences: A study in the restaurant industry","volume":"20","author":"Walter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Manag. Serv. Qual."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/14724049.2021.1938089","article-title":"Travel risk in the ecotourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Ecotourists\u2019 perceptions","volume":"21","author":"Samdin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ecotour."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"221","article-title":"The perceived value in ecotourism related to satisfaction and loyalty: A study from Costa Rica","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geogr. Pannonica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrascosa-L\u00f3pez, C., Carvache-Franco, M., and Carvache-Franco, W. (2021). Perceived value and its predictive relationship with satisfaction and loyalty in ecotourism: A study in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park in Spain. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147860"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.V., and Chan, S.H.G. (2021). Do knowledge and experience value affect green tourism activity participation and buying decision? A case study of natural dyeing experience in China. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13158579"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Segmenting wildlife value orientations to mitigate human\u2013wildlife conflict for ecotourism development in protected areas","volume":"19","author":"KC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2021.1952149","article-title":"Craving better health? Influence of socio-political conformity and health consciousness on goal-directed rural-eco tourism","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e-2119","article-title":"Parques Nacionais, turismo e governan\u00e7a: Reflex\u00f5es acerca das concess\u00f5es dos servi\u00e7os tur\u00edsticos no Brasil","volume":"15","author":"Brumatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Pesqui. Tur."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roseta, P., Sousa, B.B., and Roseta, L. (2020). Determiners in the consumer\u2019s purchase decision process in ecotourism contexts: A Portuguese case study. Geosciences, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences10060224"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2008.06.003","article-title":"A model of customer-brand based equity and its application to multiple destinations","volume":"30","author":"Boo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348012461547","article-title":"Exploring destination image decay: A study of sport tourists\u2019 destination image change after event participation","volume":"39","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafiee, M.M., Tabaeerian, R.A., and Tavakoli, H. (2016, January 15\u201316). The effect of destination image on tourist satisfaction, intention to revisit and WOM. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on e-Commerce in Developing Countries: With Focus on E-Tourism, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECDC.2016.7492964"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/14724049.2018.1502248","article-title":"Governance and local participation in ecotourism: Community-level ecotourism stakeholders in Chiang Rai province, Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ecotour."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2009.06.008","article-title":"Determinants of tourism success for DMOs and destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders\u2019 perspective","volume":"31","author":"Bornhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"95","article-title":"A contingent valuation study of marine parks ecotourism: The case of Pulau Payar and Pulau Redang in Malaysia","volume":"2","author":"Yacob","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"627","article-title":"A study of the key success factors of the ecotourism industry in Taiwan","volume":"5","author":"Shiunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/14724040608668445","article-title":"Ecotourism as a western construct","volume":"5","author":"Cater","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ecotourism"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.15294\/edaj.v8i3.31104","article-title":"Policy strategy beyond ecotourism development","volume":"8","author":"Fitriasari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Anal. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"19","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting the ecotourism development","volume":"2","author":"Shemshad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Urban Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128995","article-title":"Understanding the effects of eco-label, eco-brand, and social media on green consumption intention in ecotourism destinations","volume":"321","author":"Chi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.34024\/rbecotur.2010.v3.5899","article-title":"Levantamento quali-quantitativo da produ\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica sobre Ecoturismo no Brasil","volume":"3","author":"Neiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ecotur."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.21776\/ub.jitode.2013.001.03.01","article-title":"Environmental effects of ecotourism in Indonesia","volume":"1","author":"Butarbutar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indones. Tour. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2015.1125908","article-title":"Political Challenges in Community based Ecotourism","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Pamfilie, R., Dinu, V., Tachiciu, L., Plesea, D., and Vasiliu, C. (2021). Perspective of rural tourism in the European tourism market. 7th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption, ASE."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u0161ka, A., Pamucar, D., Stojanovi\u0107, I., Cavallaro, F., Kaklauskas, A., and Mardani, A. (2021). Examination of the sustainable rural tourism potential of the Br\u010dko district of Bosnia and Herzegovina using a fuzzy approach. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020583"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"The socio-economic impacts of ecotourism in rural areas: A case study of Nompondo and the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP)","volume":"5","author":"Nsukwini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Hosp. Tour. Leis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.6000\/1929-7092.2017.06.30","article-title":"Ecotourism impacts on the economy, society and environment of Thailand","volume":"6","author":"Sangpikul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rev. Glob. Econ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14512943365","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v12i9.43365","article-title":"Licenciamento ambiental: Uma an\u00e1lise entre desenvolvimento econ\u00f4mico e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/890\/1\/012002","article-title":"Development of ecotourism infrastructure at protected areas of Primorsky Krai","volume":"890","author":"Maslovskaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.22437\/jiituj.v9i1.37888","article-title":"The influence of sustainable ecotourism infrastructure on local government policy in the national strategic tourism area of Yogyakarta","volume":"9","author":"Muhamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ilm. Ilmu Terapan Univ. Jambi"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115188","article-title":"Stakeholders\u2019 evolutionary relationship analysis of China\u2019 s national park ecotourism development","volume":"316","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Chan, R., and Bhatta, K.D. (2013). Ecotourism planning and sustainable community development: Theoretical perspectives for Nepal. South Asian J. Tour. Herit., Available online: https:\/\/hub.hku.hk\/handle\/10722\/190525."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2021.103210","article-title":"Rural tourism preferences in Spain: Best-worst choices","volume":"89","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, J., Su, K., Chang, Y., and Wen, Y. (2021). Formation of environmentally friendly tourist behaviors in ecotourism destinations in China. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12040424"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESD.2015.072104","article-title":"Degradation of forest and biodiversity in Sariska National Park, India and the responsible factors","volume":"14","author":"De","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epuran, G., Tesca\u0219iu, B., Tec\u0103u, A.S., Ivasciuc, I.S., and Candrea, A.N. (2021). Permaculture and downshifting\u2014Sources of sustainable tourism development in rural areas. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13010230"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sustainable tourism: A comprehensive literature review on frameworks and applications","volume":"28","author":"Zolfani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Res.-Ekon. Istra\u017e."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"95","article-title":"Sustainable consumption and production of wildlife tourism in Indian tiger reserves: A critical analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gavinolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2021.03.001","article-title":"Rural tourism: A systematic literature review on definitions and challenges","volume":"47","author":"Rosalina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1108\/JTF-03-2021-0067","article-title":"Optimization model: The innovation and future of e-ecotourism for sustainability","volume":"11","author":"Eddyono","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Tour. Futures"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"240","article-title":"COVID-19 and its impact on visitation and management at US national parks","volume":"35","author":"Templeton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Hosp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenawy, E. (2015). Collaborative Approach for Developing a More Effective Regional Planning Framework in Egypt: Ecotourism Development as Case Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool].","DOI":"10.2495\/ST140071"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Brito, T.P., Buckley, R.C., and Byrne, J. (2016). NGO partnerships in using ecotourism for conservation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166919"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"9","article-title":"Promoting the rural development through the ecotourism activities in Indonesia","volume":"5","author":"Nugroho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.14505\/\/jemt.9.2(26).14","article-title":"The development of halal ecotourism destination: Context of business collaboration and mutual trust","volume":"9","author":"Susilo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag. Tour."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.104024","article-title":"Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries","volume":"78","author":"Wondirad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1108\/JBSED-02-2021-0020","article-title":"Potential of ecotourism as a mechanism to buoy community livelihoods: The case of Musina Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Ramaano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Socioecon. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2017.1360893","article-title":"Ecotourism resilience to climate change in Dana Biosphere Reserve, Jordan","volume":"26","author":"Jamaliah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"135","article-title":"S\u00edtio Arqueol\u00f3gico Itacoatiaras do Ing\u00e1: Do turismo pr\u00e1tico ao ecoturismo como alternativa de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"24","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tur. Vis\u00e3o A\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2167\/jost736.0","article-title":"Ecotourism and the myth of indigenous stewardship","volume":"16","author":"Fennell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25115\/eea.v39i4.4592","article-title":"Past, present and future of ecotourism: A systematic literature review from last decade","volume":"39","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2021.07.016","article-title":"Community eco-tourism in rural Peru: Resilience and adaptive capacities to the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"2","article-title":"The impact of ecotourism on local rural households\u2019 livelihood around Wolong Nature Reserve","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2015.1125909","article-title":"Protected area policies and sustainable tourism: Influences, relationships and co-evolution","volume":"24","author":"Mellon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/13602381.2021.1857963","article-title":"Responsible tourism towards sustainable development: Literature review and research agenda","volume":"27","author":"Mondal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Scheyvens, R. (2024). International development and tourism geographies. Tour. Geogr., 1\u201311."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/21568316.2015.1074095","article-title":"Willingness to pay for a novel visitor experience: Ecotourism planning at Kawdulla National Park in Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01435-4","article-title":"Using Geodesign as a boundary management process for planning nature-based solutions in river landscapes","volume":"50","author":"Gottwald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"959","article-title":"Community Perceptions of the Economic Impacts of Ecotourism in Cameroon","volume":"9","author":"Harilal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. J. Hosp. Tour. Leis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/0972150917713887","article-title":"The Economic Impact of Ecotourism on Regional China: Further Evidence from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"9","article-title":"Towards a Development Model of Local Cultural Tourism Through the Involvement of Local Actors (Province of Constantine, Algeria)","volume":"40","author":"Boulhila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoj. Tour. Geosites"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"134","article-title":"Using importance and performance analysis to direct emerging rural destination development","volume":"2","author":"Johannes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inov. J. Ekon. Keuang. Dan Manaj."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x","article-title":"The integrative review: Updated methodology","volume":"52","author":"Whittemore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4314\/gjds.v14i1.5","article-title":"Towards creating sustainable ecotourism interventions: Practical lessons from Mesomagoro, Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Boakye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ghana J. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.37741\/t.68.3.2","article-title":"Towards sustainable ecotourism development in Ghana: Contributions of the local communities","volume":"68","author":"Eshun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tourism"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"37","article-title":"Economic and legal aspects of developing ecotourism infrastructure","volume":"4","author":"Nikolskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Int. No Mundo"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezaquias, J.E. (2022). The Management of Ecotourism as a Way of Contributing to the Development of Protected Areas. Protected Area Management\u2014Recent Advances, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100333"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cooperation in the Okavango River Basin: The OKACOM perspective","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Nakayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transboundary Rivers, Sovereignty and Development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River Basin"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2005.02.010","article-title":"Developing ecotourism in First World, resource-dependent areas","volume":"37","author":"Che","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rel\u00f3gio, A.T., and Tavares, F.O. (2023). An Evaluation of Passenger Satisfaction among Users of Huambo Airport in Angola. Urban Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci7020057"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spenceley, A., and Bien, A. (2013). Ecotourism standards: International accreditation and local certification and indicators. International Handbook on Ecotourism, Edward Elgar Publ.","DOI":"10.4337\/9780857939975.00038"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, W.T., Hassan, A.A., and Horng, M. (2024). Ecotourism planning and management. Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-9097-9"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/10941665.2011.556337","article-title":"Why tour guiding is important for ecotourism: Enhancing guiding quality with the ecotourism promotion policy in Japan","volume":"16","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res."}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/14\/8\/1531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:54Z","timestamp":1760033754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/14\/8\/1531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["land14081531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land14081531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}