{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:06:46Z","timestamp":1774930006450,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flood susceptibility mapping is essential for urban planning and disaster risk management, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas exposed to extreme rainfall events. This study applies an integrated approach combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS), map algebra, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess flood-prone zones in Ananindeua, Par\u00e1, Brazil. Five geoenvironmental criteria\u2014rainfall, land use and land cover (LULC), slope, soil type, and drainage density\u2014were selected and weighted using AHP to generate a composite flood susceptibility index. The results identified rainfall and slope as the most influential criteria, with both contributing to over 184 km2 of high-susceptibility area. Spatial patterns showed that flood-prone zones are concentrated in flat urban areas with high drainage density and extensive impermeable surfaces. CHIRPS rainfall data were validated using Pearson\u2019s correlation (r = 0.83) and the Nash\u2013Sutcliffe efficiency (NS = 0.97), confirming the reliability of the precipitation input. The final susceptibility map, categorized into low, medium, and high classes, was validated using flood events derived from Sentinel-1 SAR data (2019\u20132025), of which 97.2% occurred in medium- or high-susceptibility zones. These findings demonstrate the model\u2019s strong predictive performance and highlight the role of unplanned urban expansion, land cover changes, and inadequate drainage in increasing flood risk. Although specific to Ananindeua, the proposed methodology can be adapted to other urban areas in Brazil, provided local conditions and data availability are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land14081543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T07:57:24Z","timestamp":1753689444000},"page":"1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using AHP in the Urban Amazon: A Case Study of Ananindeua, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, State University of Par\u00e1 State, En\u00e9as Pinheiro, 2626-Marco, Bel\u00e9m 66095-015, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma","family":"Beltr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, State University of Par\u00e1 State, En\u00e9as Pinheiro, 2626-Marco, Bel\u00e9m 66095-015, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"D\u00eanis","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, State University of Par\u00e1 State, En\u00e9as Pinheiro, 2626-Marco, Bel\u00e9m 66095-015, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, State University of Par\u00e1 State, En\u00e9as Pinheiro, 2626-Marco, Bel\u00e9m 66095-015, PA, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the Dynamics of Urbanization: A Comprehensive Review of Associated Risks and Mitigation Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Infrastruct. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-023-10860-3","article-title":"Dynamics of land use and land cover change in peri urban area of Burdwan city, India: A remote sensing and GIS based approach","volume":"88","author":"Arif","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-3875-2021","article-title":"Influence of ENSO and tropical Atlantic climate variability on flood characteristics in the Amazon basin","volume":"25","author":"Towner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4422ASOC1119V1742014","article-title":"Eventos clim\u00e1ticos extremos e consequ\u00eancias sobre a sa\u00fade: O desastre de 2008 em Santa Catarina segundo diferentes fontes de informa\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"17","author":"Xavier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ambient. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Goulart, L.P., and Matsuoka, J.V. (2024, May 10). An\u00e1lise das \u00c1reas Suscet\u00edveis \u00e0 Alagamentos E Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es Na \u00c1rea Urbana Do Munic\u00edpio De Uberl\u00e2ndia\u2014Mg Utilizando Geoprocessamento E O M\u00e9todo De An\u00e1lise Hier\u00e1rquica AHP. Available online: https:\/\/revistas.fucamp.edu.br\/index.php\/getec\/article\/view\/2566."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.26848\/rbgf.v15.2.p783-803","article-title":"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o de MDTs a partir do acoplamento de modelo hidrol\u00f3gico e hidrodin\u00e2mico aplicado \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1reas de inunda\u00e7\u00f5es urbanas","volume":"15","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Geogr. F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasec.2023.100141","article-title":"A review of recent advances in urban flood research","volume":"19","author":"Agonafir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Secur."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5327\/Z2176-94781358","article-title":"Flow variability in the Araguaia River Hydrographic Basin influenced by precipitation in extreme years and deforestation","volume":"57","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Ci\u00eancias Ambient."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"643","article-title":"Impacts of ocean-atmosphere interaction phenomena on hydrometeorology of the Gurupi river watershed, Eastern Amazon","volume":"34","author":"Gomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Climatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GB001872","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation and the climate, ecosystems and rivers of Amazonia","volume":"16","author":"Foley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"21","article-title":"Discharge Variability within the Amazon basin","volume":"296","author":"Ronchail","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reg. Hydrol. Impacts Clim. Changes Hidroclimatic Var."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"476","article-title":"Variabilidade clim\u00e1tica da precipita\u00e7\u00e3o na bacia Amaz\u00f4nica brasileira entre 1982\u20132021","volume":"22","author":"Coutinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Climatol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio do Meio Ambiente (MMA) (2024, May 14). Vulnerabilidade Ambiental\/Rozely Ferreira dos Santos, Organizadora. Available online: https:\/\/fld.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Vulnerabilidade_Ambiental_Desastres_Naturais_ou_Fenomenos_Induzidos.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-022-02151-7","article-title":"Influencing factors of urban innovation and development: A grounded theory analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Flood risk mapping in the Amazon. In: Theodore Hromadka and Prasada Rao. (Org.)","volume":"1","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00228","article-title":"Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: Current and future variability and trends","volume":"6","author":"Marengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.26848\/rbgf.v16.3.p1247-1262","article-title":"An\u00e1lise da vulnerabilidade \u00e0 inunda\u00e7\u00e3o na Bacia Hidrogr\u00e1fica do rio Sirinha\u00e9m, utilizando o M\u00e9todo de An\u00e1lise Hier\u00e1rquica","volume":"16","author":"Portela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Geogr. F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"558","article-title":"Expans\u00e3o urbana e drenagem: An\u00e1lise das solu\u00e7\u00f5es propostas para manejo de \u00e1guas pluviais em regi\u00e3o produtora de \u00e1gua na bacia do Parano\u00e1, DF","volume":"9","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Gest\u00e3o Sustentabilidade Ambient."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Chen, C., Li, Q., Liu, L., and Wang, Z. (2023). Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Patterns and the Response of Surface Runoff in a Rapid Urbanization Area: Focus on the Chang\u2013Zhu\u2013Tan Metropolitan Area of China. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15193467"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"345","article-title":"Urban development scenarios on flood peak discharge in an arid urban watershed using the WinTR-55 hydrologic model","volume":"9","author":"Eshghizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Cap. Urban Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107607","article-title":"Mitigating flood impacts on road infrastructure and transportation by using multiple information sources","volume":"206","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2023","article-title":"GIS and remote sensing based flood risk assessment and mapping: The case of Dikala watershed in Kobo Woreda Amhara region, Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Ayenew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain. Indic."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2023.2285355","article-title":"Flood hazard mapping using GIS-based statistical model in vulnerable riparian regions of sub-tropical environment","volume":"38","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, F., Franco, A.B., Rezende, O., Costa, B.B.F., Najjar, M., Haddad, A.N., and Miguez, M. (2023). A GIS-base index of physical susceptibility to flooding as a tool for flood risk management. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12071408"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-023-05360-5","article-title":"GIS-based flood risk assessment using multi-criteria decision analysis of Shebelle river basin in Southern Somalia","volume":"5","author":"Osman","year":"2023","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trif, S., Bilasco, S., Petrea, D., Rosca, S., Fodorean, I., and Vescan, I. (2023). Spatial modelling through GIS analysis of flood risk and related financial vulnerability: Case study: Turco river, Romania. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179869"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z.W., Tang, X.G., Li, L., Chu, Y., Wang, X., and Yang, D. (2023). GIS-based risk assessment of flood disaster in the Lijiang river basin. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32829-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4236\/oje.2024.142009","article-title":"GIS application in urban flood risk analysis: Midar as a case study","volume":"14","author":"Akallouch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.103176","article-title":"Exploring local perspectives on flood risk: A participatory GIS approach for bridging the gap between modelled and perceived flood risk zones","volume":"163","author":"Bullen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-024-00683-w","article-title":"A GIS-based flood risk assessment using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory approuach at a regional scale","volume":"11","author":"Efraimidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhtar, M.A., Shangguan, D., Ding, Y., Anjum, M.N., Banerjee, A., Butt, A.Q., Yadav, N., Li, D., Yang, Q., and Khan, A.A. (2024). Integrated flood risk assessment in Hunza-Nagar, Pakistan: Unifying big climate data analytics and multi-criteria decision-making with GIS. Front. Environ. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1337081"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.01.026","article-title":"Detection of Flood Hazard in Urban Areas using GIS: Izmir Case","volume":"22","author":"Ozkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.01.013","article-title":"A GIS tool for cost-effective delineation of flood-prone areas","volume":"70","author":"Samela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"127","article-title":"An\u00e1lise espacial da suscetibilidade \u00e0 inunda\u00e7\u00e3o na sub-bacia Muria\u00e9 2, Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ)","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Ibero-Am. De Ci\u00eancias Ambient."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-020-8860-5","article-title":"Vulnerability assessment of flash floods in Wadi Dahab basin, Egypt","volume":"79","author":"Prama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-03-2020-0052","article-title":"A new decade of uses for geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool to research, measure and analyze library services","volume":"41","author":"Mandel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Libr. Hi Tech"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Creation of a flood risk model for The Jacu\u00edpe River Basin (AL\/PE) using the Analytical Hierarchical Process Method\u2014AHP","volume":"18","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. De Gest\u00e3o Soc. E Ambient."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senouci, R., Taibi, N.-E., Teodoro, A.C., Duarte, L., Mansour, H., and Yahia Meddah, R. (2021). GIS-Based Expert Knowledge for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM): Case of Mostaganem Coast District, West of Algeria. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020630"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarifi, S.S., Abdelkareem, M., Abdalla, F., and Alotaibi, M. (2022). Flash Flood Hazard Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114145"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarghami, M., and Szidarovszky, F. (2011). Introduction to Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Multicriteria Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17937-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12899","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision analysis for nature conservation: A review of 20 years of applications","volume":"9","author":"Esmail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"454","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Methods Comparison","volume":"24","author":"Zlaugotne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Clim. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.11.007","article-title":"The Use of Multicriteria Decision Analysis to Support Decision Making in Healthcare: An Updated Systematic Literature Review","volume":"26","author":"Rocks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, G., Greenberg, H.J., Lootsma, F.A., Rijkaert, M.J., and Zimmermann, H.J. (1988). What is the Analytic Hierarchy Process?. Mathematical Models for Decision Support, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83555-1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Li, H., Tian, Y., and Chen, R. (2024). Adaptability Evaluation of Human Settlements in Chengdu Based on ArcGIS. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16051989"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalisha, S.M., and Munthali, K.G. (2024). Multi-Factor GIS Modeling for Solid Waste Dumpsite Selection in Lilongwe, Malawi. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16031202"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fattoruso, G., Toscano, D., Venturo, A., Scognamiglio, A., Fabricino, M., and Di Francia, G. (2024). A Spatial Multicriteria Analysis for a Regional Assessment of Eligible Areas for Sustainable Agrivoltaic Systems in Italy. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020911"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swain, K.C., Singha, C., and Nayak, L. (2020). Flood Susceptibility Mapping through the GIS-AHP Technique Using the Cloud. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9120720"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.N., Fukuda, H., and Nguyen, M.N. (2024). Assessment of the Susceptibility of Urban Flooding Using GIS with an Analytical Hierarchy Process in Hanoi, Vietnam. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16103934"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madz\u00edk, P., and Fal\u00e1t, L. (2022). State-of-the-art on analytic hierarchy process in the last 40 years: Literature review based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268777"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa049","article-title":"Impact of flooding on health-related quality of life in England: Results from the National Study of Flooding and Health","volume":"30","author":"Robin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Moreno, J.A., and Monteiro, J.B. (2023). Urban Flooding in Manaus, Northern Brazil: Extreme Events, Susceptibility, and Inequalities. Urban Flooding in Brazil, Springer."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.14195\/1647-7723_21_6","article-title":"Risco de Cheia e Vulnerabilidade: Uma Abordagem \u00e0s Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es Urbanas de Bel\u00e9m\/Par\u00e1\/ no Brasil","volume":"21","author":"Pegado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Territorium"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Teixeira, S.G., and Pacheco, A.A. (2025, June 06). Cartografia de Risco Geol\u00f3gico: Ananindeua, Par\u00e1, Available online: https:\/\/rigeo.cprm.gov.br\/handle\/doc\/23504."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Campos, W.S., Miranda, S.B.A., Dias, G.F.M., and Costa, J.A. (2020). Uso da Ferramenta SIG Aplicado a Alagamentos: Estudo de Caso Na Cidade de Bel\u00e9m (PA). DELOS, 13, Available online: https:\/\/ojs.revistadelos.com\/ojs\/index.php\/delos\/article\/view\/669."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez, C.B.B., Souza, E.B., and Gutierrez, D.M.G. (2022). Global\/Regional Impacts on Present and Near-Future Climate Regimes in the Metropolitan Region of Bel\u00e9m, Eastern Amazon. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13071077"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE)\u2014Cidades (2024, May 14). Ananindeua, Available online: https:\/\/cidades.ibge.gov.br\/brasil\/pa\/ananindeua\/panorama."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento (SEGEP) (2024, April 16). Anu\u00e1rio Bel\u00e9m, Available online: https:\/\/anuario.belem.pa.gov.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Tabela-21-Demografia.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Companhia de Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f4mico do Par\u00e1 (CODEC) (2023, June 06). Distritos Industriais do Estado do Par\u00e1, Available online: https:\/\/www.codec.pa.gov.br\/publicacoes\/distritosindustriais."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Prefeitura Municipal de Ananindeua Geo (PMA-Geo) (2023, September 06). Ananindeua\u2014Mapas, Available online: https:\/\/www.ananindeua.pa.gov.br\/mapas\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Weather Spark (WS) (2023, April 07). Clima e Condi\u00e7\u00f5es Meteorol\u00f3gicas M\u00e9dias em Ananindeua no ano Todo Brasil. Available online: https:\/\/pt.weatherspark.com\/y\/30138\/Clima-caracter%C3%ADstico-em-Ananindeua-Brasil-durante-o-ano."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Prefeitura Municipal de Ananindeua (PMA) (2023, April 07). O Munic\u00edpio, Available online: https:\/\/cma.pa.gov.br\/o-municipio\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-024-02293-1","article-title":"Geospatial analysis and AHP for flood risk mapping in Quetta, Pakistan: A tool for disaster management and mitigation","volume":"14","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Water Sci"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"C528","article-title":"Potential Flood Hazard Mapping Based on GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process","volume":"32","author":"Mohammed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Manag. Model."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.24850\/j-tyca-2021-02-08","article-title":"Flood hazard assessment using AHP in Corum, Turkey","volume":"12","author":"Ozturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tecnol. Y Cienc. Del Agua"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-023-06239-9","article-title":"Flood risk mapping using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) through AHP method case of El-Ham wadi watershed of Hodna basin (Algeria)","volume":"120","author":"Belazreg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"100445","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping using GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis: A case of Dodoma region, central Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"Msabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"125","article-title":"Chapter 7\u2014Flood susceptibility mapping of the Peddavagu River Basin using GIS-AHP techniques","volume":"14","author":"Shekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2166\/h2oj.2022.128","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping in the Bilate catchment, Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Edamo","year":"2022","journal-title":"H2Open J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2024.1388003","article-title":"A analytical hierarchy process -GIS approach to flood susceptibility mapping in NEOM, Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Bokhari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Water"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012005","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1103\/1\/012005","article-title":"Assessment of Flood Susceptibility Analysis Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Kota Belud Area, Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"1103","author":"Sharir","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012031","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1091\/1\/012031","article-title":"Assessing Flood Hazard Index using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS) in Stung Sen River Basin","volume":"1091","author":"Khoeun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2018.01.044","article-title":"Assessment of flood hazard areas using Analytical Hierarchy Process over the Lower Yom Basin, Sukhothai Province","volume":"212","author":"Seejata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team, (QGIS) (2024, June 01). Geographic Information System. Open source geospatial Foundation Project., Available online: http:\/\/qgis.osgeo.org."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150066","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.66","article-title":"The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations\u2014A new environmental record for monitoring extremes","volume":"2","author":"Funk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"D21101","article-title":"Testing E-OBS European high-resolution gridded data set of daily precipitation and surface temperature","volume":"114","author":"Hofstra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.58422\/releo2019.e910","article-title":"Mapeamento de \u00e1reas de risco de alagamento do munic\u00edpio de Guaruj\u00e1-SP utilizando m\u00e9todo de an\u00e1lise hier\u00e1rquica","volume":"45","author":"Mantis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leopoldianum"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.19177\/rgsa.v9e0I202020-40","article-title":"Mapeamento de \u00e1reas vulner\u00e1veis \u00e0 inunda\u00e7\u00e3o com o uso do SIG e da an\u00e1lise multicrit\u00e9rio: O caso da bacia hidrogr\u00e1fica do rio UNA em Pernambuco","volume":"9","author":"Leal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Gest\u00e3o Sustentabilidade Ambient."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-024-01150-y","article-title":"GIS and AHP-based flood susceptibility mapping: A case study of Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Kader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2025.104831","article-title":"Flood susceptibility assessment and mapping using GIS-based analytical hierarchy process and frequency ratio models","volume":"251","author":"Ashfaq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.53660\/CLM-3931-24Q44","article-title":"Multi-criteria Decision-Making methods to evaluate urban environmental quality: A scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Pimenta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Concilium"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(77)90033-5","article-title":"A scaling method for priorities in hierarquical structures","volume":"15","author":"Satty","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"63","article-title":"Uso de Geotecnologias Para Mapeamento de \u00c1reas de Risco de Inunda\u00e7\u00e3o em Gua\u00e7ui, ES: Uma An\u00e1lise Comparativa Entre Dois M\u00e9todos","volume":"8","author":"Thiago","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cad. De Geoci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"82","article-title":"An\u00e1lise da Susceptibilidade a Inunda\u00e7\u00e3o na Bacia Hidrogr\u00e1fica do C\u00f3rrego S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto Nacional-TO","volume":"16","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Interface"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.5752\/P.2318-2962.2020v30n61p450","article-title":"Zoneamento hidroambiental da bacia hidrogr\u00e1fica do rio Acar\u00e1, Amaz\u00f4nia Oriental","volume":"30","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad. De Geogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.20435\/inter.v20i2.1856","article-title":"Processo Anal\u00edtico Hier\u00e1rquico (AHP) em ambiente SIG: Tem\u00e1ticas e aplica\u00e7\u00f5es voltadas \u00e0 tomada de decis\u00e3o utilizando crit\u00e9rios espaciais","volume":"20","author":"Pimenta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intera\u00e7\u00f5es"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, A.C.V., and Alvim, A.T.B. (2024). Sustainable Urbanization in Valley-Bottom Areas in Urban Settings: The Case of the Jaguar\u00e9 Stream Basin, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16073018"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5935\/jetia.v9i44.870","article-title":"The use of permeable asphalt for the benefit of drainage systems in urban areas - A literature review","volume":"9","author":"Lustosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"ITEGAM-JETIA"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Pezente, M.F.M. (2025, April 07). Rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o e rios: Um Estudo da Cidade de Francisco Beltr\u00e3o (PR). Reposit\u00f3rio Institucional da UFSC. Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.ufsc.br\/handle\/123456789\/198544."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caroletti, G.N., Coscarelli, R., and Caloiero, T. (2019). Validation of satellite, reanalysis and RCM data of Monthly rainfall in Calabria (Southern Italy). Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131625"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Lee, J., Jeon, S., Lee, M., An, H., Jung, K., Kim, S., and Park, D. (2021). Correlation analysis between hydrologic flow metrics and Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index (BMI) in the Han River basin, South Korea. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011477"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5084107","article-title":"Evaluating satellite products for precipitation estimation in mountain regions: A case study for Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Krakauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.21776\/ub.civense.2020.00301.3","article-title":"Hydrological analysis of TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) Data in Lesti Sub Watershed","volume":"3","author":"Lufi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Civ. Environ. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05017023","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001580","article-title":"Evaluating the Use of Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient in Goodness-of-Fit Measures for Daily Runoff Simulation with SWAT","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perreault, S., Alem, A.E., Chokmani, K., and Cambouris, A.N. (2022). Development to pedotransfer functions to predict soil physical properties in Southern Quebec (Canada). Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020526"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/conservation2020024","article-title":"Environmental Fragility Zoning Using GIS and AHP Modeling: Perspectives for the Conservation of Natural Ecosystems in Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Conservation"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5327\/Z2176-94781621","article-title":"Influence of climatic phenomena and deforestation on hydroenvironmental fragility, Gurupi River watershed, Northern Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Gomes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Ci\u00eancias Ambient."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Moraes, R.B.F. (2023). Development of the Urban Hydrological Disasters Susceptibility Index. [Doctorate Thesis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS]. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.ufms.br\/handle\/123456789\/6487."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muttil, N., Nasrin, T., and Sharma, A.K. (2023). Impacts of Extreme Rainfalls on Sewer Overflows and WSUD-Based Mitigation Strategies: A Review. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15030429"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2023.103613","article-title":"Land use and environmental impacts: Flood model in a medium-sized Brazilian city as a tool for urban sustainability","volume":"151","author":"Leite","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aca8bc","article-title":"From managing risk to increasing resilience: A review on the development of urban flood resilience, its assessment and the implications for decision making","volume":"17","author":"Mehryar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-023-05445-1","article-title":"Urban flood risk assessment using AHP and geospatial techniques in Swat Pakisan","volume":"5","author":"Waseem","year":"2023","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90473-8","article-title":"The analytic hierarchy process\u2014What it is and how it is used","volume":"9","author":"Saaty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Model."}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/14\/8\/1543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:16:58Z","timestamp":1760033818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/14\/8\/1543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["land14081543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land14081543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]}}}