{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1777039391102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2022.02459.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.02459.PTDC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessing the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) on water quality (WQ) is central to land-based environmental research. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this study analyses recent trends using LULC maps to assess stream WQ within buffers, focusing on papers published between 2020 and 2024. It identifies relevant remote sensing practices for LULC mapping, landscape metrics, WQ physicochemical parameters, statistical techniques for correlating LULC and WQ, and conventions for configuring buffers. Materials include Scopus, Web of Science, and Atlas.ti, which support both qualitative data analysis and Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) tasks via its integration with OpenAI\u2019s large language models. The methodology highlights creating a bibliographic database, coding, CAI, and validating prompts. Official maps and visual or digital interpretations of optical imagery provided inputs for LULC. Classifiers from earlier generations have shaped LULC cartography. The most employed WQ parameters were phosphorus, total nitrogen, and pH. The three most referenced landscape metrics were the Largest Patch Index, Patch Density, and Landscape Shape Index. The literature mainly relied on Redundancy Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and alternative correlation approaches. Buffer configurations varied in size. CAI facilitated an agile systematic review; however, it encountered challenges related to a phenomenon known as hallucination, which hampers its optimal performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land14091858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Land Use and Land Cover Maps for Stream Water Quality Assessment in Spatial Buffers: A Systematic Review of Recent Trends (2020\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Alciaturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Geograf\u00eda, Facultad de Geograf\u00eda e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2014Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7438","article-title":"Correlation Analysis between the Spatial Characteristics of Land Use\/Cover-Landscape Pattern and Surface-Water Quality in the Ebinur Lake Area","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.04.027","article-title":"Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on Water Quality of Low-Order Streams in Southeastern Brazil: Watershed versus Riparian Zone","volume":"167","author":"Mello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12636-z","article-title":"Response of Water Quality to Land Use in Hydrologic Response Unit and Riparian Buffer along the Dan River, China","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., Jiang, Y., Liu, Q., Tian, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, X., and Kang, M. (2021). Catchment versus Riparian Buffers: Which Land Use Spatial Scales Have the Greatest Ability to Explain Water Quality Changes in a Typical Temperate Watershed?. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13131758"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Mao, J., Zhu, D., and Lin, C. (2019). Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover on Water Quality at Multiple Buffer-Zone Scales in a Lakeside City. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010047"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohenek, J., and Sullivan, S. (2022). Inland Waters\u2014Rivers: Land Use and Water Quality. Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819166-8.00167-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-021-01696-7","article-title":"The Scale Identification Associated with Priority Zone Management of the Yangtze River Estuary","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100420","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics of a Peri-Urban Stream Water Quality and Its Relationship with Land Use","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21348-x","article-title":"What Is the Relationship between Land Use and Surface Water Quality? A Review and Prospects from a Remote Sensing Perspective","volume":"29","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Bashir, M., Raza, Q., Rehim, A., Geng, Y., and Cao, L. (2023). Application of Riparian Buffer Zone in Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control\u2014A Review. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.985870"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121290","article-title":"Modelling Relationships between Land Use and Water Quality Using Statistical Methods: A Critical and Applied Review","volume":"362","author":"Locke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121946","article-title":"Effects of Landscape Changes on Water Quality: A Global Meta-Analysis","volume":"260","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22481\/praxisedu.v17i48.8809","article-title":"Aproxima\u00e7\u00f5es entre curadoria digital e CAQDAS: Uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica de literatura","volume":"17","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pr\u00e1xis Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onwuegbuzie, A., and Johnson, B. (2021). The Routledge Reviewer\u2019s Guide to Mixed Methods Analysis, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203729434"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934241295493","article-title":"Enhancing Systematic Review Efficiency in Hand Surgery Using Artificial Intelligence (Natural Language Processing) for Abstract Screening","volume":"50","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2024.100173","article-title":"Advancements in Natural Language Processing: Implications, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"16","author":"Supriyono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Inspire (2007). Directive 2007\/2\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 Establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community. Off. J. Eur. Union, Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32007L0002."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (2024). Land Cover and Land Use: Geospatial Information for Sustainable Food Systems, FAO. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/geospatial\/resources\/publications\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2025). Cambridge University Press. Stream. Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press. Available online: https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/stream."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, G.A., and Engman, E.T. (2000). Water Quality. Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59583-7"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentrup, G. (2025, May 03). Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways, Available online: https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/nac\/buffers\/docs\/conservation_buffers.pdf.","DOI":"10.2737\/WO-GTR-108"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-024-05073-5","article-title":"Comparison of Datasets Citation Coverage in Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Crossref, and DataCite","volume":"129","author":"Gerasimov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-024-04948-x","article-title":"Regional Disparities in Web of Science and Scopus Journal Coverage","volume":"129","author":"Asubiaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Elsevier (2024). Scopus: Comprehensive, Multidisciplinary, Trusted Abstract and Citation Database, Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/products\/scopus."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Clarivate (2024). Web of Science Core Collection, Clarivate. Available online: https:\/\/clarivate.com\/academia-government\/scientific-and-academic-research\/research-discovery-and-referencing\/web-of-science\/web-of-science-core-collection\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4995\/wpom.v1i2.786","article-title":"Una propuesta metodol\u00f3gica para la realizaci\u00f3n de b\u00fasquedas sistem\u00e1ticas de bibliograf\u00eda (A Methodological Proposal for the Systematic Literature Review)","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"WPOM-Work. Pap. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170086","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6513.20170086","article-title":"Writing the Literature Review for Empirical Papers","volume":"28","author":"Nakano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Production"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428120943281","article-title":"Best-Practice Recommendations for Producers, Evaluators, and Users of Methodological Literature Reviews","volume":"26","author":"Aguinis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, H., Ullah, N., Tahir, M., Domnic, I., Prabhakar, R., Meerasa, S., AbdElneam, A., Tahir, S., and Ali, Y. (2025). Artificial Intelligence versus Manual Screening for the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1519768"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"vdae193","article-title":"A Machine Learning-Assisted Systematic Review of Preclinical Glioma Modeling: Is Practice Changing with the Times?","volume":"6","author":"Hirst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ckae144.410","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae144.410","article-title":"Leveraging ChatGPT for Systematic Reviews: How Accurate Is It for Screening by Title and Abstract?","volume":"34","author":"Sciurti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1672","article-title":"A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods to Find Clinical Trials for Inclusion in New Systematic Reviews from Their PROSPERO Registrations Prior to Searching and Screening","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-6692-x","article-title":"AI-Based Article Screening","volume":"235","author":"Mehrabanian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hayn, D., Pfeifer, B., Schreier, G., and Baumgartner, M. (2024). Screening Automation in Systematic Reviews: Analysis of Tools and Their Machine Learning Capabilities. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173924","article-title":"Estimating Thresholds of Natural Vegetation for the Protection of Water Quality in South African Catchments","volume":"945","author":"Locke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132606","article-title":"Evolution of Watershed Phosphorus Buffering Capacity and Its Response to Land-Use Change in Poyang Lake Basin, China","volume":"365","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"895","article-title":"The Effect of Land Use Changes on Water Quality (Case Study: Zayandeh-Rud Basin, Isfahan, Iran)","volume":"7","author":"Saedpanah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan\u00e1, S., Marinelli, M., Bonansea, M., Ferral, A., Valente, D., Camacho Valdez, V., and Petrosillo, I. (2024). The Multiscale Nexus Among Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Water Quality in the Suqu\u00eda River Basin, a Semi-Arid Region of Argentina. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53604-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112423","article-title":"Effects of land use patterns on seasonal water quality in Chinese basins at multiple temporal and spatial scales","volume":"166","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1841438","article-title":"How Should My Chatbot Interact? A Survey on Social Characteristics in Human\u2013Chatbot Interaction Design","volume":"37","author":"Chaves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/ai5020041","article-title":"Error Correction and Adaptation in Conversational AI: A Review of Techniques and Applications in Chatbots","volume":"5","author":"Izadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2020.187","article-title":"Spatial Evaluation of Land Use Variability on Water Quality of the Densu Basin, Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Anima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28636","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08653-z","article-title":"Assessment of Intensive Agriculture on Water Quality in the Culiacan River Basin, Sinaloa, Mexico","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, P., Fialho, S., Lima, A., Mourinha, C., Penha, A., Novais, M., Rosado, A., Morais, M., Potes, M., and Costa, M. (2020). Land-Cover Patterns and Hydrogeomorphology of Tributaries: Are These Important Stressors for the Water Quality of Reservoirs in the Mediterranean Region?. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12102665"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR028134","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028134","article-title":"Archetypes and Controls of Riverine Nutrient Export Across German Catchments","volume":"57","author":"Ebeling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chu, L., Song, Y., Wang, G., and Jiang, M. (2021). Spatial Pattern of Dissolved Nitrogen in the Water on Receiving Agricultural Drainage in the Sanhuanpao Wetland in China. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192683"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107226","article-title":"Influence of Landscape Structures on River Water Quality at Multiple Spatial Scales: A Case Study of the Yuan River Watershed, China","volume":"121","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133784","article-title":"Scale Effects of Multi-Medium Heavy Metals in Response to Landscape Indices in the Yuan River, China","volume":"373","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2022.131","article-title":"Effect of Land Use Change on Climate Elasticity of Water Quality at Multiple Spatial Scales","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Pract. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141aszewski, M., Fedorczyk, M., and St\u0119pniewski, K. (2022). The Impact of Land Cover on Selected Water Quality Parameters in Polish Lowland Streams during the Non-Vegetative Period. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14203295"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-021-02082-1","article-title":"How Does Land Use Configuration Influence on Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution? Comparison between Riparian Zone and Sub-Watersheds","volume":"36","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106205","article-title":"Application of Self-Organising Map (SOM)-Based Approach to Explore the Relationship between Land Use and Water Quality in Deqing County, Taihu Lake Basin","volume":"119","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.26471\/cjees\/2023\/018\/238","article-title":"Predicting Retention Effects of a Riparian Zone in an Agricultural Landscape: Implication for Eutrophication Control of the Tisza River, Serbia","volume":"18","author":"Gavrilovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, L., Li, W., Liu, X., Wang, Y., and Wang, L. (2023). Landscape Patterns and Topographic Features Affect Seasonal River Water Quality at Catchment and Buffer Scales. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051438"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2023.102083","article-title":"Impacts of Land Use Patterns on River Water Quality: The Case of Dongjiang Lake Basin, China","volume":"75","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162696","article-title":"The Effects of Land Use on Water Quality of Alpine Rivers: A Case Study in Qilian Mountain, China","volume":"875","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119280","article-title":"Managing Landscape Patterns at the Riparian Zone and Sub-Basin Scale Is Equally Important for Water Quality Protection","volume":"229","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111581","article-title":"Divergent Effect of Landscape Patterns on Stream Water Chemistry and Seasonal Variations across Mountainous Watersheds in a Northwest Pacific Island","volume":"158","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107800","article-title":"Effects of Land Cover Patterns on Pond Water Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in a Small Agricultural Watershed in Central China","volume":"237","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130569","article-title":"Effects of Source-Sink Landscape Proximity on the Spatial-Temporal Water Quality from the Perspective of Cost Distance in an Agricultural Watershed","volume":"628","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112396","article-title":"Multiple Scale Impacts of Land Use Intensity on Water Quality in the Chishui River Source Area","volume":"166","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Driscol, J., Sarigai, S., Wu, Q., Chen, H., and Lippitt, C.D. (2022). Google Earth Engine and Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Comprehensive Review. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143253"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02159-7","article-title":"What China\u2019s Leading Position in Natural Sciences Means for Global Research","volume":"620","author":"Woolston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137165","article-title":"Riparian Land Cover and Hydrology Influence Stream Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in an Agricultural Watershed","volume":"717","author":"Pisani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106332","article-title":"Effects of Land Use on the Characteristics and Composition of Fluvial Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in the Yiluo River Watershed, China","volume":"114","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111535","article-title":"Correlations Between Land Use and Stream Nitrate-Nitrite Concentrations in the Yahara River Watershed in South-Central Wisconsin","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-021-01484-9","article-title":"Riparian Forest Cover Modulates Phosphorus Storage and Nitrogen Cycling in Agricultural Stream Sediments","volume":"68","author":"Kreiling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116811","article-title":"Spatial Scale Effects of Landscape Metrics on Stream Water Quality and Their Seasonal Changes","volume":"191","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11352-4","article-title":"Identification of the control factors affecting Water Quality Variation at Multi-Spatial Scales in a Headwater Watershed","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupiec, J., Staniszewski, R., and Kayzer, D. (2022). Assessment of Water Quality Indicators in the Orla River Nitrate Vulnerable Zone in the Context of New Threats in Poland. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14152287"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115962","article-title":"Multi-Spatial Scale Effects of Multidimensional Landscape Pattern on Stream Water Nitrogen Pollution in a Subtropical Agricultural Watershed","volume":"321","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133416","article-title":"Effects of Land Use, Meteorology, and Hydrology on Nutrients, Biochemical Indexes, and Heavy Metals in Qingjiang River Basin, China","volume":"370","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120986","article-title":"Influences of Landscape Pattern on Water Quality at Multiple Scales in an Agricultural Basin of Western China","volume":"319","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pniewski, K., Karger, M., and \u0141aszewski, M. (2024). The Impact of Various Types of Cultivation on Stream Water Quality in Central Poland. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16010050"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118249","article-title":"Determining the Main Contributing Factors to Nutrient Concentration in Rivers in Arid Northwest China Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"343","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akturk, E., Guney, K., Aydin, M., Yildiz, F., and Kaya, O. (2024). Land Cover Dynamics and Environmental Implications in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Riparian Zones: A Comprehensive Seven-Year Study. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15071177"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141450","article-title":"Water Quality Management of Micro Swamp Wetland Based on the \u201cSource-Transfer-Sink\u201d Theory: A Case Study of Momoge Swamp Wetland in Songnen Plain, China","volume":"446","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172180","article-title":"A Multi-Spatial Scale Assessment of Land-Use Stress on Water Quality in Headwater Streams in the Platinum Belt, South Africa","volume":"927","author":"Levin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177502","article-title":"Effects of Land Use and Dissolved Organic Matter on pCO2 Are Dependent on Stream Orders and Hydrological Seasonality in a Low-Order Karst River","volume":"957","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"3642","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variations of Water Quality in the Zayandehrud River, Iran","volume":"43","author":"Mohamadreza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175027","article-title":"Interactive Impact of Landscape Composition and Configuration on River Water Quality Under Different Spatial and Seasonal Scales","volume":"950","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168126","article-title":"Analysis of Water Quality Influencing Factors Under Multisource Data Fusion Based on PLS-SEM Model: An Example of East-Liao River in China","volume":"907","author":"Na","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, M., Zhang, X., Li, P., Liu, H., Liu, Q., and Wang, Y. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Land Use Scales on Water Quality Based on the Random Forest Model: A Case Study of the Shaying River Basin, China. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16030420"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112091","article-title":"Considering Scale Effects in Water Quality Analysis to Enhance the Precision of Influencing Factor Response Analysis","volume":"163","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/130523","article-title":"Contamination of Trace Elements in River Ecosystem and Source Apportionment Based on Their Relationship with Landscape Patterns","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Wen, Y., Xiao, M., Yue, F., and Zhang, W. (2023). Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter Impacted by Different Land Use in Haihe River Watershed, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032432"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133008","article-title":"Mixed Spatial Scale Effects of Landscape Structure on Water Quality in the Yellow River","volume":"368","author":"Dou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109334","article-title":"The Impact of Land Use Landscape Pattern on River Hydrochemistry at Multi-Scale in an Inland River Basin, China","volume":"143","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06694-x","article-title":"Remotely Sensed Assessment of Mining Severity Within Buffer Zones of Osun River: Implications for Drinking Water Quality, Biodiversity Protection, and Status as UNESCO World Heritage Site","volume":"234","author":"Chukwuka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22757-8","article-title":"Spectral Characteristic of the Waters with Different Sizes of Particles: Impact of Water Quality and Land-Use Type","volume":"30","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131907","article-title":"Impact of Land-Use\/Land-Cover and Landscape Pattern on Seasonal In-Stream Water Quality in Small Watersheds","volume":"357","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8063","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-05598-5","article-title":"Effects of Landscape Structure on River Water Characteristics: A Multi-Scale Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106165","article-title":"Nutrient Loss Is Sensitive to Land Cover Changes and Slope Gradients of Agricultural Hillsides: Evidence from Four Contrasting Pond Systems in a Hilly Catchment","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122097","article-title":"Effects of Comprehensive Landscape Patterns on Water Quality and Identification of Key Metrics Thresholds Causing Its Abrupt Changes","volume":"333","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y., Ji, X., Hong, X., and Cheng, S. (2021). Correlation Analysis of Landscape Structure and Water Quality in Suzhou National Wetland Park, China. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13152075"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40068-020-00208-y","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Watershed Land Use on Kebena River Water Quality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Asnake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112132","article-title":"Riparian Buffer Length Is More Influential than Width on River Water Quality: A Case Study in Southern Costa Rica","volume":"286","author":"Brumberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130088","article-title":"Incorporating a New Landscape Intensity Indicator into Landscape Metrics to Better Understand Controls of Water Quality and Optimal Width of Riparian Buffer Zone","volume":"625","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/132790","article-title":"Correlation Analysis of Landscape Patterns with Surface Water Quality in Yancheng Coastal Wetland, Jiangsu, China","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18970-0","article-title":"Study on the Threshold Relationship between Landscape Pattern and Water Quality Considering Spatial Scale Effect\u2014A Case Study of Dianchi Lake Basin in China","volume":"29","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110017","article-title":"Multi-Scale Effects of Landscape on Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) in a Subtropical Agricultural Watershed: A Case of Qi River Basin (QRB), China","volume":"147","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol, Indic."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107646","article-title":"Effects of Land-Use Patterns on Seasonal Water Quality at Multiple Spatial Scales in the Jialing River, Chongqing, China","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecchi, P., Forkuor, G., Cofie, O., Lalanne, F., Poussin, J., and Jamin, J. (2020). Small Reservoirs, Landscape Changes and Water Quality in Sub-Saharan West Africa. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12071967"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadir, A., Ahmed, Z., Uddin, M.M., Xie, Z., and Kumar, P. (2021). Integrated Approach to Quantify the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Water Quality of Surma River, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14010017"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-10178-6","article-title":"Environmental Management in Ramsar Designated Wetland Areas in Vietnam: Studies from U Minh Thuong and Tram Chim National Parks (Mekong Delta)","volume":"194","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashala, M., Dube, T., Mudereri, B., Ayisi, K., and Ramudzuli, M. (2023). A Systematic Review on Advancements in Remote Sensing for Assessing and Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes Impacts on Surface Water Resources in Semi-Arid Tropical Environments. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15163926"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5894\/rgci-n552","article-title":"Remote Sensing Approaches for Land Use\/Land Cover Change in Coastal Areas and Oceanic Islands: An Open Science-Based Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Tiengo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Gest\u00e3o Costeira Integr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alciaturi, G., Wdowinski, S., Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, M.d.P., and Fern\u00e1ndez, V. (2025). Seasonal Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in South American Agricultural Watersheds Using Multisource Remote Sensing: The Case of Cuenca Laguna Mer\u00edn, Uruguay. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010228"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"89","article-title":"Impacts of Land Use\/Land Cover on Water Quality: A Contemporary Review for Researchers and Policymakers","volume":"59","author":"Locke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Qual. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Tu, K., Ye, S., Tang, H., Hu, Y., and Xie, C. (2023). Land Use and Land Cover Classification Meets Deep Learning: A Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218966"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2024.3501216","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Use of Deep Learning in Satellite Imagery for Agriculture","volume":"18","author":"Victor","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.01.003","article-title":"Landscape Indices Behavior: A Review of Scale Effects","volume":"34","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, M., and Gardner, R. (2015). Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2794-4"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"53","article-title":"Determining the Change of Natural Diversity at Landscape Level: The Case of Denizli Province of T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biodivers. Stud."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.09.001","article-title":"Landscape Diversity and Forest Edge Density Regulate Stream Water Quality in Agricultural Catchments","volume":"72","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2024.03.001","article-title":"Beware of Botshit: How to Manage the Epistemic Risks of Generative Chatbots","volume":"67","author":"Hannigan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"OpenAI (2023). GPT-4 System Card, OpenAI. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/papers\/gpt-4-system-card.pdf."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00789-0","article-title":"Quality of Information and Appropriateness of Open AI Outputs for Prostate Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Lombardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"46","article-title":"Beyond the Scalpel: Assessing ChatGPT\u2019s Potential as an Auxiliary Intelligent Virtual Assistant in Oral Surgery","volume":"24","author":"Freire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2336483","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36483","article-title":"Accuracy and Reliability of Chatbot Responses to Physician Questions","volume":"6","author":"Goodman","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"United States Geological Survey (2025, May 08). Nutrients and Eutrophication, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/mission-areas\/water-resources\/science\/nutrients-and-eutrophication."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (2025, May 08). State Progress Toward Adopting Numeric Nutrient Water Quality Criteria for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/nutrientpollution\/state-progress-toward-adopting-numeric-nutrient-water-quality-criteria-nitrogen."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2023.29433","article-title":"Water Pollution and the Assessment of Water Quality Parameters: A Review","volume":"294","author":"Misman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozorg-Haddad, O., Delpasand, M., and Lo\u00e1iciga, H. (2021). Water Quality, Hygiene, and Health. Economical, Political, and Social Issues in Water Resources, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90567-1.00008-5"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-015-0014-7","article-title":"Water Quality Assessment of Lake Water: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Bhateria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114723","article-title":"Predicting Ammonia Nitrogen in Surface Water by a New Attention-Based Deep Learning Hybrid Model","volume":"216","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2017.1370670","article-title":"Analytical Approaches for Determining Chemical Oxygen Demand in Water Bodies: A Review","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Lu, Y., Ding, Y., Zhou, C., Liu, J., Shao, Z., and Nian, Y. (2025). Prediction of Water Chemical Oxygen Demand with Multi-Scale One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network Fusion and Ultraviolet\u2013Visible Spectroscopy. Biomimetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10030191"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"California Water Boards (2025, May 08). Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment: Temperature Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/www.waterboards.ca.gov\/water_issues\/programs\/swamp\/docs\/cwt\/guidance\/3120en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2025, May 08). Ministry of Environment, Taiwan. Nitrate Nitrogen, Environmental Water Quality Information, Definitions, Available online: https:\/\/wq.moenv.gov.tw\/EWQP\/en\/Encyclopedia\/NounDefinition\/Pedia_31.aspx."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119573","article-title":"Temperature-Driven Migration of Heavy Metal Pb2+ along with Moisture Movement in Unsaturated Soils","volume":"153","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat. Mass. Transf."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102944","article-title":"The Remediation Efficiency of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Water by Industrial Red Mud Particle Waste","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-023-09650-7","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Water Quality Indices (WQIs): History, Models, Attempts and Perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Chidiac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zandaryaa, S., Fares, A., and Eckstein, G. (2025). Emerging Pollutants: Protecting Water Quality for the Health of People and the Environment, Springer Nature Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-71758-1"}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/14\/9\/1858\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:00Z","timestamp":1760035440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/14\/9\/1858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["land14091858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land14091858","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]}}}