{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:40:40Z","timestamp":1778200840407,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia at the University of the Azores","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human-driven land use change and intensification is a major threat to global biodiversity. High levels of land management intensity may reduce species diversity, change the composition and structure of plant and animal communities and disrupt ecological processes. However, there is still scarce information on the impacts of land management intensity on island pollinator communities and their interactions with plants. Here, we aim to assess how different land use types (natural vegetation, semi-natural pastures, and intensive pastures), representing a gradient of grazing intensification, influence pollinator diversity and plant\u2013pollinator interactions on Terceira Island (Azores). We surveyed 30 sites (10 per land use) and recorded 1453 visits by 41 pollinator species. Alpha diversity did not differ among land uses, but grazing intensification reduced the abundance of several native species while favoring some exotics, such as the honeybee. Network analyses showed changes in structural properties and declines in interactions between native species with increasing grazing disturbance. Introduced species, particularly the honeybee, dominated interactions in intensively managed habitats, replacing native species from key ecological roles. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of island ecosystems to grazing intensification and emphasize the need for conservation measures in the Azores, namely the reduction in grazing intensity, restoration of habitat connectivity, and implementation of pollinator-friendly agri-environmental schemes to enhance native biodiversity and sustain ecosystem services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land14102029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:16Z","timestamp":1760107816000},"page":"2029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does Land Management Intensity Influence Pollinator Assemblages and Plant\u2013Pollinator Interactions in the Lowlands of Terceira Island (Azores)?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Boieiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBRe\u2014Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Atlantic Islands Invertebrates Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5844-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ceia-Hasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, Vair\u00e3o Campus, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vair\u00e3o Campus, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6452-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBRe\u2014Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A. V.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Atlantic Islands Invertebrates Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14324","article-title":"Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity","volume":"520","author":"Newbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.419","article-title":"Spatially explicit LCA analysis of biodiversity losses due to different bioenergy policies in the European Union","volume":"651","author":"Fulvio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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