{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:50:48Z","timestamp":1762181448160,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union through the DeSIRA program titled \u201cMangroves, Mangrove Rice and Mangrove People: Sustainably Improving Rice Production, Ecosystem, and Livelihoods\u201d","award":["FOOD\/2019\/412-700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOOD\/2019\/412-700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optical remote sensing approach was developed to identify areas with high and low salinity within the mangrove swamp rice system in West Africa. Conducted between 2019 and 2024 in Guinea-Bissau, this study examined two contrasting rice-growing environments, tidal mangrove (TM) and associated mangrove (AM), to assess changes in vegetation dynamics, soil salinity concentration, and soil chemical properties. Field sampling was conducted during the dry season to avoid waterlogging, and soil analyses included texture, cation exchange capacity, micronutrients, and electrical conductivity (ECe). Meteorological stations recorded rainfall and environmental conditions over the period. Moreover, orthorectified and atmospherically corrected surface reflectance satellite imagery from PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 was selected due to their high spatial resolution and revisit frequency. From this data, vegetation dynamics were monitored using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with change detection calculated as the difference in NDVI between sequential images (\u0394NDVI). Thresholds of 0.15 \u2264 NDVI \u2264 0.5 and \u0394NDVI &gt; 0.1 were tested to identify significant vegetation growth, with smaller polygons (&lt;1000 m2) removed to reduce noise. In this process, at least three temporal images per season were analyzed, and multi-year intersections were done to enhance accuracy. Our parameter optimization tests found that a locally calibrated NDVI threshold of 0.26 improved site classification. Thus, this integrated field\u2013remote sensing approach proved to be a reproducible and cost-effective tool for detecting AM and TM environments and assessing vegetation responses to seasonal changes, contributing to improved land and water management in the salinity-affected mangrove swamp rice system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land14112144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:59:36Z","timestamp":1761659976000},"page":"2144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing an Optical Tool for Identifying Tidal and Associated Mangrove Swamp Rice Fields in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7795-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"C\u00e9spedes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Soil and Foliar Laboratory, Agronomic Research Center, School of Agriculture, University of Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Garbanzo-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying Engineering, University of Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Temudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2848-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Garbanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil and Foliar Laboratory, Agronomic Research Center, School of Agriculture, University of Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Center for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Temudo, M.P. (1998). Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Mudan\u00e7a Em Sociedades Rurais Africanas Gest\u00e3o de Recursos Naturais, Saber Local e Institui\u00e7\u00f5es de Desenvolvimento Induzido Estudo de Caso Na Guin\u00e9-Bissau. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100365","article-title":"The State of Rice Value Chain Upgrading in West Africa","volume":"25","author":"Soullier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carney, J. (2001). 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