{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:10:04Z","timestamp":1766067004351,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/ELT\/00305\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/ELT\/00305\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/15\/G\/HS6\/04521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/G\/HS6\/04521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Languages"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper compares the production of different types of direct objects by Portuguese\u2013German and Polish\u2013German bilingual school-aged children in their heritage languages (HLs), Polish and European Portuguese (EP). Given that the two target languages display identical options of object realization, our main research question is whether the two HLs develop in a similar way in bilingual children. More precisely, we aim at investigating whether bilingual children acquiring Polish and EP are sensitive to accessibility and animacy when realizing a direct object in their HL. The results of a production experiment show that this is indeed the case and that the two groups of bilinguals do not differ from each other, although they may overgeneralize null objects or full noun phrases to some extent. We conclude that the bilingual acquisition of object realization is guided by the relevant properties in the target languages and is not influenced by the contact language, German.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/languages4030053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T11:56:51Z","timestamp":1562759811000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Heritage Portuguese and Heritage Polish in Contact with German: More Evidence on the Production of Objects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"Rinke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Romanische Sprachen und Literaturen, Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main, 60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5629-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Human\u00edsticos, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0733-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Sopata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61 874 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ariel, Mira (1985). 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