{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:39:08Z","timestamp":1764175148666,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.05012.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05012.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute ergogenic effects of wearing occlusal splints have been reported for aerobic and anaerobic exercises, but the literature centered on performance improvement by using jaw repositioning splints is scarce. We aimed to analyze the effect of wearing a 50% lower jaw advancement splint on biophysical and perceptual responses at low to severe running intensities. Sixteen middle- and long-distance runners performed twice a 7 \u00d7 800 m intermittent running protocol (with 1 km\u00b7h\u22121 increments and 30 s rest periods) in an outdoor track field using two lower intraoral splints (a placebo and a lower jaw advancer). These devices were custom manufactured for each participant and a randomized and repeated measure design was used to compare conditions. No differences between placebo and lower jaw advancer were found (e.g., 52.1 \u00b1 9.9 vs. 53.9 \u00b1 10.7 mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121 of oxygen uptake, 3.30 \u00b1 0.44 vs. 3.29 \u00b1 0.43 m of stride length and 16 \u00b1 3 vs. 16 \u00b1 2 Borg scores), but small effects were sometimes observed (e.g., 109.2 \u00b1 22.5 vs. 112.7 \u00b1 25.2 L\u00b7min\u22121 of ventilation, ES = \u22120.42). Therefore, this jaw advancement splint had no substantial ergogenic effect on biophysical and perceptual responses when running at different intensities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:37:48Z","timestamp":1644363468000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of Wearing a 50% Lower Jaw Advancement Splint on Biophysical and Perceptual Responses at Low to Severe Running Intensities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"Pyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport & Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198908000-00020","article-title":"Stride length in distance running: Velocity, body dimensions, and added mass effects","volume":"21","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198025000-00010","article-title":"Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes","volume":"12","author":"Conley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.5.2318","article-title":"Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running","volume":"74","author":"Capelli","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer, C., Stief, F., Jonas, A., Kovac, A., Groneberg, D.A., Meurer, A., and Ohlendorf, D. (2015). Influence of the lower jaw position on the running pattern. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135712"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002679","article-title":"Physiological responses of a jaw-repositioning custom-made mouthguard on airway and their effects on athletic performance","volume":"34","author":"Schultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesanelli, L., Cesaretti, G., Ylait\u0117, B., Iovane, A., Bianco, A., and Messina, G. (2021). Occlusal splints and exercise performance: A systematic review of current evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910338"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2011.0325","article-title":"The effects of mouthpiece use on gas exchange parameters during steady-state exercise in college-aged men and women","volume":"142","author":"Garner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000668","article-title":"Effects of an over-the-counter vented mouthguard on cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and physical agility","volume":"29","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001192","article-title":"Effects of jaw clenching while wearing a customized bite-aligning mouthpiece on strength in healthy young men","volume":"30","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000485294.86436.3f","article-title":"Accute effects of using custom-made mouthpiece on oral air-flow dynamics and wingate test parameters","volume":"48","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002172","article-title":"The effects of jaw clenching and jaw alignment mouthpiece use on force production during vertical jump and isometric clean pull","volume":"32","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effects of mouthpiece use on airway openings and lactate levels in healthy college males","volume":"30","author":"Garner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.254","article-title":"Respiratory outcomes with the use of a lower custom fit genioglossal-effecting oral appliance","volume":"6","author":"Garner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, F., Coelho, E.P., Gay, A., Vilas-Boas, J.P., Pinho, J.C., Pyne, D.B., and Fernandes, R.J. (Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., 2021). Case study: A jaw protruding dental splint improves running physiology and kinematics, Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., in press.","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0338"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayoral, S.P., Lagrav\u00e8re, M., M\u00edguez-Contreras, M., and Garcia, M. (2019). Antero-posterior mandibular position at different vertical levels for mandibular advancing device design. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0783-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000580","article-title":"Exercise modality efffect on bioenergetical performance at VO2max intensity","volume":"47","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0631-2682","article-title":"High-intensity interval training in different exercise modes: Lessons from time to exhaustion","volume":"39","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2005.tb02789.x","article-title":"Attitudes of central collegiate hockey association ice hockey players toward athletic mouthguard usage","volume":"65","author":"Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-020-00048-z","article-title":"Exploring the use of mouth guards in Muay Thai: A questionnaire survey","volume":"6","author":"Pickering","year":"2020","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1316362","article-title":"Different VO2max time-averaging intervals in swimming","volume":"33","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00009","article-title":"Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: Review and commentary","volume":"27","author":"Howley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1283189","article-title":"Step length and individual anaerobic threshold assessment in swimming","volume":"32","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0029","article-title":"The effects of intensity on VO2 kinetics during incremental free swimming","volume":"40","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puig-Div\u00ed, A., Escalona-Marfil, C., Padull\u00e9s-Riu, J.M., Busquets, A., Padull\u00e9s-Chando, X., and Marcos-Ruiz, D. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Kinovea program in obtaining angles and distances using coordinates in 4 perspectives. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216448"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001245","article-title":"Running technique is an important component of running economy and performance","volume":"49","author":"Folland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000113664.15777.53","article-title":"Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.155915","article-title":"Mandibular advancement device for obstructive sleep apnea: An overview","volume":"7","author":"Jayesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(03)00508-0","article-title":"Effect of titrated mandibular advancement and jaw opening on the upper airway in nonapneic men: A magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric study","volume":"125","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.131094","article-title":"The effect of mandibular advancement on upper airway structure in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"65","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04659-8","article-title":"Decreased exercise capacity in young athletes using self-adapted mouthguards","volume":"121","author":"Falz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.131","article-title":"Effects of respiratory muscle work on exercise performance","volume":"89","author":"Harms","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"24","article-title":"Anaerobic threshold: Its concept and role in endurance sport","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.045","article-title":"The effects of a temporarily manipulated dental occlusion on the position of the spine: A comparison during standing and walking","volume":"14","author":"Ohlendorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.050443","article-title":"Control of human mandibular posture during locomotion","volume":"554","author":"Miles","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, A., Redinha, L., Rodrigues, M.J., Silva, L., and Pezarat-Correia, P. (2020). A kinematic analysis on the immediate effects of occlusal splints in gait and running body sway patterns. Cranio, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2018.1562726"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965341","article-title":"Exercise capacity in athletes with mouthguards","volume":"29","author":"Flury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/2\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:29Z","timestamp":1760134589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/12\/2\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life12020253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12020253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]}}}