{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:12:54Z","timestamp":1760238774290,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL\u2014Faculty of Sports (FADEUP), University of Porto","award":["FCT UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal","award":["FCT UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UID\/DTP\/00617\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Physical exercise can affect the immune system. We studied the effect of antioxidants on hematological and immune biomarkers after heavy training. Methods: 24 well-trained and well-fed male firefighters were randomly divided into supplemented and placebo groups, and tested for immunology-related variables using venous blood samples in the fasting state, pre- (M1) and post- (M2) five weeks of daily micronutrient supplementation (15 mg of beta-carotene, 200 mg of vitamin C, 136 mg of vitamin E, 200 \u03bcg of selenium, 15 mg of zinc, 100 mg of magnesium). Total leukocytes and a differential count for five populations were determined using standard procedures (MAXM\u2014Beckman Coulter Diagnostics; Brea, CA, USA). Lymphocyte subsets were determined through immunophenotyping. Results: Although all values were within the normal range for healthy adults and athletes in the supplemented group (SG), mean CD3+CD8+, CD8+ and CD16+CD56+ decreased (p &lt; 0.05; small to moderate effects), while mean CD4+, CD19+ and CD4+\/CD8+ increased (p &lt; 0.05; small effects) after five-weeks. Regarding the placebo group (PG), higher total leukocyte count (p &lt; 0.05; trivial effect) and natural killer cells percentage (CD16+CD56+; p &lt; 0.05; moderate effect) were observed when comparing M1 and M2. Conclusions: Antioxidants supplementation did not alter well-fed male firefighters recruit firefighters\u2019 immune cell response during the five-week physical training program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1653905114000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supply of Antioxidants vs. Recruit Firefighters\u2019 Cellular Immune Status: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Group Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Augusto Rodrigues","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport (FADEUP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Azenha","family":"Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Immunoallergology, University Hospital Center of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Service of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Domingos Jos\u00e9 Lopes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Mathematics and Applications, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport (FADEUP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Zacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports (FADEUP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-290 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, M.P., Penjweini, R., Knutson, J.R., Wang, P.Y., and Hwang, P.M. 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