{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:05:29Z","timestamp":1768007129624,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"scope of the CICS-UBI projects","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the CICS-UBI projects","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"scope of the CICS-UBI projects","award":["2020.09070.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09070.BD"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)\/MCTES","award":["2020.09070.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09070.BD"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships from FCT","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships from FCT","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships from FCT","award":["2020.09070.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09070.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review delves into the therapeutic applications of amphetamine-type stimulants such as lisdexamphetamine dimesylate, mixed amphetamine salts, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), dextroamphetamine, and phentermine. These compounds have been investigated for their potential in treating a range of psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug dependence, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obesity. Lisdexamphetamine dimesylate has shown promise in effectively treating ADHD symptoms in both children and adults. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential treatment for drug dependency and withdrawal, demonstrating encouraging results. Mixed amphetamine salts have also exhibited efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms in adults. Future research should explore their potential use in treating bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence, considering the associated risks and benefits. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has emerged as an innovative approach to treating PTSD, leading to sustained reductions in symptoms and even promoting post-traumatic growth. Furthermore, it has shown promise in managing anxiety related to life-threatening illnesses. Dextroamphetamine and phentermine have demonstrated efficacy in treating cocaine and opioid dependence, ADHD, and obesity. However, careful consideration and monitoring by medical professionals are essential due to the potential risks and benefits associated with them. In conclusion, amphetamine-type stimulants present a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions in various psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively understand their mechanisms of action, dosage requirements, and long-term effects in different patient populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T07:02:05Z","timestamp":1699426925000},"page":"2180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Therapeutic Potential of Amphetamine-like Psychostimulants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana M.","family":"Rosendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Brinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Y.","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB)\u2014Miss\u00e3o de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB)\u2014Miss\u00e3o de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000887","article-title":"Problem-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapies","volume":"72","author":"Busch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0549-4","article-title":"Evidence-Based Psychotherapy: Advantages and Challenges","volume":"14","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8279","article-title":"Combined Pharmacotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Alcohol or Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30487-9","article-title":"Addressing In-Hospital Illicit Substance Use","volume":"8","author":"Barnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010035","article-title":"Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy","volume":"177","author":"Reiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1593559","article-title":"Psychedelic-Assisted Group Therapy: A Systematic Review Alexander","volume":"51","author":"Trope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.07.004","article-title":"MDMA and PTSD Treatment: \u201cPTSD: From Novel Pathophysiology to Innovative Therapeutics\u201d","volume":"649","author":"Sessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer, H., Anheyer, D., Saha, F.J., and Dobos, G. (2018). Yoga for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1650-x"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, H., Toyang, N., Steele, B., Valentine, H., Grant, J., Ali, A., Ngwa, W., and Gordon, L. (2021). The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102948"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285","article-title":"Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"78","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Antunes, M., Cabral, E., Oliveira, P., Rosendo, L.M., Brinca, A.T., Alves, E., Marques, H., Rosado, T., and Passarinha, L.A. (2022). An Update on the Implications of New Psychoactive Substances in Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084869"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas, A.S., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., and Pereira, L. (2020). Psilocybin as a New Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety in the Context of Life-Threatening Diseases-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090331"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Rosado, T., Soares, S., Sim\u00e3o, A., Caramelo, D., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A. (2019). Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010031"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes, M., Barroso, M., and Gallardo, E. (2023). Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032312"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13439","article-title":"Associations of Methadone and Buprenorphine-Naloxone Doses with Unregulated Opioid Use, Treatment Retention, and Adverse Events in Prescription-Type Opioid Use Disorders: Exploratory Analyses of the OPTIMA Study","volume":"32","author":"Bakouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toljan, K., and Vrooman, B. (2018). Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)-Review of Therapeutic Utilization. Med. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6040082"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2517-2","article-title":"The Use of Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) as a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Treatment for Chronic Pain","volume":"33","author":"Younger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol3020032","article-title":"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants","volume":"3","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (ONUDC) (2021). Drug Market Trends: Cocaine Amphetamine-Type Stimulants, ONUDC."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2021). European Drug Report: Trends and Developments, EMCDDA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0815-5","article-title":"Toxicity of Amphetamines: An Update","volume":"86","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2009). Auricular Acupuncture & Addiction, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113754","article-title":"Brief History of the Medical and Non-Medical Use of Amphetamine-like Psychostimulants","volume":"342","author":"Morelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Pryor, K.O., and Storer, K.P. (2018). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4050932","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4050932","article-title":"Methamphetamine Use and Emergency Department Utilization: 20 Years Later","volume":"2017","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, July 14). What Is the History of MDMA?|National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Available online: https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/mdma-ecstasy-abuse\/what-is-the-history-of-mdma."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1159\/000137100","article-title":"Evaluation of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Naranjo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001085","article-title":"Primary Care Providers\u2019 Perspectives on Prescribing Antidepressant Medication to Latino Immigrant Patients: A Preliminary Study","volume":"208","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2015.02.001","article-title":"Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: The Early History of Their Medical and Non-Medical Uses","volume":"120","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2174\/15748847113089990052","article-title":"Amphetamine-Type Medicines: A Review of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicological Aspects","volume":"8","author":"Mariotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Antunes, M., Marques, H., Rosado, T., Soares, S., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Barroso, M., and Gallardo, E. (2022). Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health, Springer."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200204000-00009","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of Amphetamines: Metabolism and Toxicokinetic Data of Designer Drugs, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their N-Alkyl Derivatives","volume":"24","author":"Kraemer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in Drug Testing","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.3.158","article-title":"Amphetamine, Clobenzorex, and 4-Hydroxyclobenzorex Levels Following Multidose Administration of Clobenzorex","volume":"25","author":"Cody","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2023, July 14). Amphetaminil. Available online: https:\/\/www.chemeurope.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/Amphetaminil.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-100100562","article-title":"Illegal or Legitimate Use? Precursor Compounds to Amphetamine and Methamphetamine","volume":"32","author":"Musshoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"72","article-title":"A Historical Overview Upon the Use of Amphetamine Derivatives in the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Hancu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Clark, S. (2007). xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01280-4","article-title":"Adult Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Huizar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078586","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1078586","article-title":"Catecholaminergic and Cholinergic Neuromodulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparison to Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"16","author":"Koevoet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.11.004","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Alterations Promote Traumatic Stress Susceptibility Associated with P-Cresol-Induced Dopaminergic Dysfunctions","volume":"107","author":"Laudani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01512-6","article-title":"Working Memory, Cortical Dopamine Tone, and Frontoparietal Brain Recruitment in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Westphal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14714","article-title":"The Role of Catecholamines in Modulating Responses to Stress: Sex-Specific Patterns, Implications, and Therapeutic Potential for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Opiate Withdrawal","volume":"52","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2021.0138","article-title":"A Long-Term, Open-Label Safety and Tolerability Study of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in Children Aged 4-5 Years with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"32","author":"Childress","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.03.034","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Preschool Children With Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"61","author":"Childress","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0117","article-title":"Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate for Preschool Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"30","author":"Childress","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"22","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lisdexamfetamine in the Treatment of Comorbid Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Adult ADHD","volume":"77","author":"Adler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13585","article-title":"Causal Effects of Psychostimulants on Neural Connectivity: A Mechanistic, Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acheson, L.S., Ezard, N., Lintzeris, N., Dunlop, A., Brett, J., Rodgers, C., Gill, A., Christmass, M., McKetin, R., and Farrell, M. (2022). Trial Protocol of an Open Label Pilot Study of Lisdexamfetamine for the Treatment of Acute Methamphetamine Withdrawal. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275371"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109692","article-title":"Lisdexamfetamine for the Treatment of Acute Methamphetamine Withdrawal: A Pilot Feasibility and Safety Trial","volume":"241","author":"Acheson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044696","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044696","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Oral Lisdexamfetamine in Adults with Methamphetamine Dependence: A Phase-2 Dose-Escalation Study","volume":"11","author":"Ezard","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2021.1885677","article-title":"Open-Label Pilot Study of Lisdexamfetamine for Cocaine Use Disorder","volume":"47","author":"Mariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alchol Abus."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16351","article-title":"Lisdexamphetamine as a Novel Therapy for Hyperphagia in Prader-Willi Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Preddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717696771","article-title":"Triple-Bead Mixed Amphetamine Salts (SHP465) in Adults With ADHD: Results of a Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Forced-Dose Trial","volume":"24","author":"Frick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717696770","article-title":"A Long-Term, Open-Label, Safety Study of Triple-Bead Mixed Amphetamine Salts (SHP465) in Adults With ADHD","volume":"24","author":"Adler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e928269-1","article-title":"Sedation after a Trial of Mixed Amphetamine Salts in a Boy with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"21","author":"Albanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1316","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab305","article-title":"Mixed Amphetamine Salts without a Mood Stabilizer for Treating Comorbid Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Two Case Reports","volume":"188","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106187","article-title":"An Adaptive Clinical Trial Design for Cocaine Use Disorder: Extended-Release Amphetamine Salts for Early Behavioral Intervention Non-Responders","volume":"98","author":"Blevins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"535","article-title":"Extended Release Mixed Amphetamine Salts and Topiramate for Cocaine Dependence: A Randomized Clinical Replication Trial with Frequent Users","volume":"14","author":"Levin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22479","article-title":"Posttraumatic Growth After MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"33","author":"Gorman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05548-2","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up Outcomes of MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of PTSD: A Longitudinal Pooled Analysis of Six Phase 2 Trials","volume":"237","author":"Jerome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01336-3","article-title":"MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Severe PTSD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109356","article-title":"The effects of MDMA-assisted therapy on alcohol and substance use in a phase 3 trial for treatment of severe PTSD","volume":"233","author":"Nicholasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22696","article-title":"Sleep Quality Improvements After MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"34","author":"Ponte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211069124","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Fear Extinction Retention in Healthy Adults","volume":"36","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75706-1","article-title":"MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychological Distress Related to Life-Threatening Illnesses: A Randomized Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Wolfson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2022.0093","article-title":"Efficacy of Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral Suspension in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Effect Size Across the Day","volume":"33","author":"Faraone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001239","article-title":"Auditory Discrimination and Frequency Modulation Learning in Schizophrenia Patients: Amphetamine within-Subject Dose Response and Time Course","volume":"53","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2023.0005","article-title":"D-Amphetamine Transdermal System in Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Secondary Endpoint Results and Post Hoc Effect Size Analyses from a Pivotal Trial","volume":"33","author":"Cutler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14874","article-title":"Clinical Effects beyond Cocaine Use of Sustained-Release Dexamphetamine for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependent Patients with Comorbid Opioid Dependence: Secondary Analysis of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial","volume":"115","author":"Blanken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00500-9","article-title":"Use of Sustained Release Dextroamphetamine for the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorder in the Setting of Injectable Opioid Agonist Treatment in Canada: A Case Report","volume":"18","author":"Palis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203943","article-title":"Three- And Six-Month Efficacy and Safety of Phentermine in a Mexican Obese Population","volume":"59","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1159\/000524805","article-title":"Effect of Phentermine on Hepatic Steatosis in Bariatric Surgery: A Pilot Study","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/11\/2180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:19:16Z","timestamp":1760131156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/11\/2180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life13112180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13112180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]}}}