{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:22:31Z","timestamp":1771510951840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030240\u2014PTDC\/OCE-ETA\/30240\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030240\u2014PTDC\/OCE-ETA\/30240\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030240\u2014PTDC\/OCE-ETA\/30240\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030240\u2014PTDC\/OCE-ETA\/30240\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed at optimizing carotenoid extraction using the macroalga Himanthalia elongata (L.) S.F.Gray as a model. Firstly, traditional extraction procedures were employed, using various solvents and temperatures to enhance the extraction conditions. Once the most effective extraction conditions were identified, the study transitioned to a more efficient and environmentally friendly approach, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). By applying a three-parameter (solid-to-solvent ratio, temperature, and time) Box\u2013Behnken design, the optimal extraction conditions were found to be a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1\/13.6 g\/mL at 60 \u00b0C for 15 min. Under these conditions, the predicted and experimental carotenoid contents were 2.94 and 2.12 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Furthermore, an HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the characterization of carotenoids. \u03b2-Carotene was the predominant carotenoid in H. elongata, alongside fucoxanthin. The optimized MAE method was applied to other seaweeds, including Fucus vesiculosus L., Codium tomentosum Stackhouse, Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine &amp; Farnham, and Eiseinia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell. Among all, F. vesiculosus exhibited the highest carotenoid content compared to the others. This study concludes that MAE under optimized conditions is an effective and sustainable approach for carotenoid extraction, providing significant yields of bioactive compounds such as \u03b2-carotene and fucoxanthin, which have promising applications in enhancing human health and nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:58:58Z","timestamp":1733122738000},"page":"1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sustainable Carotenoid Extraction from Macroalgae: Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andreia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Correia-S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8687-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)\/Health Research Network (RISE-Health), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0924-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.01.018","article-title":"Plants, Seaweeds, Microalgae and Food by-Products as Natural Sources of Functional Ingredients Obtained Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Extraction","volume":"71","author":"Herrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia1010017","article-title":"Macroalgae","volume":"1","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.057","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Red, Brown and Green Macroalgae from Buarcos Bay in Central West Coast of Portugal","volume":"183","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.268894","article-title":"Edible Seaweed-Derived Constituents: An Undisclosed Source of Neuroprotective Compounds","volume":"15","author":"Schepers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Zavaglia, A., Prieto Lage, M.A., Jimenez-Lopez, C., Mejuto, J.C., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2019). The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090406"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biris-Dorhoi, E.-S., Michiu, D., Pop, C.R., Rotar, A.M., Tofana, M., Pop, O.L., Socaci, S.A., and Farcas, A.C. (2020). Macroalgae\u2014A Sustainable Source of Chemical Compounds with Biological Activities. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103085"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121533","article-title":"Structure-Activity Relationships of Bioactive Polysaccharides Extracted from Macroalgae towards Biomedical Application: A Review","volume":"324","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2016v8i10.12740","article-title":"Uses of Seaweed and Its Application to Human Welfare: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Pati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciko, A.M., Joki\u0107, S., \u0160ubari\u0107, D., and Jerkovi\u0107, I. (2018). Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16100348"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4461","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Extraction Methods for Recovery of Carotenoids from Algae: Extraction Kinetics and Effect of Different Extraction Parameters","volume":"89","author":"Hachemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1283","article-title":"A Preparative Method for Isolation of Fucoxanthin from Eisenia Bicyclis by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S.-H., Khoo, H.E., Kong, K.W., Prasad, K.N., and Galanakis, C.M. (2020). Extraction of Carotenoids and Applications, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817067-0.00008-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poojary, M.M., Barba, F.J., Aliakbarian, B., Dons\u00ec, F., Pataro, G., Dias, D.A., and Juliano, P. (2016). Innovative Alternative Technologies to Extract Carotenoids from Microalgae and Seaweeds. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14110214"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foo, S.C., Khoo, K.S., Ooi, C.W., Show, P.L., Khong, N.M.H., and Yusoff, F.M. (2021). Meeting Sustainable Development Goals: Alternative Extraction Processes for Fucoxanthin in Algae. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.546067"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, A.G., Otero, P., Echave, J., Carreira-Casais, A., Chamorro, F., Collazo, N., Jaboui, A., Louren\u00e7o-Lopes, C., Simal-Gandara, J., and Prieto, M.A. (2021). Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19040188"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902628j","article-title":"Optimization of Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Carotenoids and Chlorophylls from Chlorella Vulgaris","volume":"58","author":"Kwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, L., Tiwari, B., and Garcia-Vaquero, M. (2020). Emerging Extraction Techniques: Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817943-7.00008-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosso, C., Valent\u00e3o, P., Ferreres, F., and Andrade, P.B. (2015). Alternative and Efficient Extraction Methods for Marine-Derived Compounds. Mar. Drugs, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/md13053182"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.1021\/jf400819p","article-title":"Application of Novel Extraction Technologies for Bioactives from Marine Algae","volume":"61","author":"Kadam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802573","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/802573","article-title":"Isolation and Partial Characterization of Bioactive Fucoxanthin from Himanthalia Elongata Brown Seaweed: A TLC-Based Approach","volume":"2013","author":"Rajauria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.09.023","article-title":"Characterization of Dietary Fucoxanthin from Himanthalia Elongata Brown Seaweed","volume":"99","author":"Rajauria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s42535-019-00079-4","article-title":"Media Optimization Using Box Behnken Design for Enhanced Production of Biomass, Beta-Carotene and Lipid from Dunaliella Salina","volume":"33","author":"Ahuja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vegetos"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY02862D","article-title":"Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of \u03b2-Carotene and \u03b1-Tocopherol from Pumpkin: A Box-Behnken Design for Extraction Variables","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, C., Machado, S., Peixoto, J., Bessada, S., Pimentel, F.B., Alves, R.C., and Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2020). Pigments Content (Chlorophylls, Fucoxanthin and Phycobiliproteins) of Different Commercial Dried Algae. Separations, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations7020033"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"64","article-title":"Comparison of Extraction Methods for Recovery of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus Pluvialis","volume":"46","author":"Shotipruk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0883-7","article-title":"The Pigments of Kelps (Ochrophyta) as Part of the Flexible Response to Highly Variable Marine Environments","volume":"28","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.08.024","article-title":"Process for Selective Extraction of Pigments and Functional Proteins from Chlorella Vulgaris","volume":"35","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stengel, D.B., and Connan, S. (2015). Natural Products from Marine Algae: Methods and Protocols. Natural Products From Marine Algae: Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2684-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.3390\/md11072667","article-title":"Production, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Fucoxanthin from the Marine Diatom Odontella Aurita","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S., and Pfander, H. (2004). Carotenoids, Birkh\u00e4user Basel.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-7836-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Shi, N., An, X., Liu, C., Fu, H., Cao, L., Feng, Y., Sun, D., and Zhang, L. (2018). Candidate Genes for Yellow Leaf Color in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Major Related Metabolic Pathways According to Transcriptome Profiling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061594"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113546","article-title":"Recovery and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Walnut Press-Cake Using Various Methods and Conditions","volume":"167","author":"Savoire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0488110","article-title":"Effect of Solvent, Temperature, and Solvent-to-Solid Ratio on the Total Phenolic Content and Antiradical Activity of Extracts from Different Components of Grape Pomace","volume":"53","author":"Pinelo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getachew, A.T., Jacobsen, C., and Holdt, S.L. (2020). Emerging Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Phenolics: Opportunities and Challenges. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18080389"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2013.12.011","article-title":"Review of Methods for Analysis of Carotenoids","volume":"56","author":"Cepeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Solvent Effectiveness on Extraction Process of Seaweed Pigment","volume":"15","author":"Warkoyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"MAKARA Technol. Ser."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01407","article-title":"Selected Methods of Extracting Carotenoids, Characterization, and Health Concerns: A Review","volume":"66","author":"Adadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.07.008","article-title":"Identification of Carotenoids and Chlorophylls from Green Algae Chlorococcum Humicola and Extraction by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether","volume":"123","author":"Boonnoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2009). The European Parliament and the Council of The European Union 2009\/32\/Ec. Off. J. Eur. Union, 3\u201311."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.099","article-title":"Carotenoid Extraction Methods: A Review of Recent Developments","volume":"240","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/pre.12191","article-title":"Isolation of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids from Freshwater Algae Using Different Extraction Methods","volume":"66","author":"Fabrowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.2298","article-title":"Development of a Microwave-assisted Solvent Extraction Process for the Extraction of High-value Carotenoids from Chlorella Biomass","volume":"16","author":"Sarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6224","article-title":"Optimization of Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Carotenoids and Chlorophyll a from Laminaria Japonica Aresch by Response Surface Methodology","volume":"94","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2016.05.037","article-title":"Influence of Co-Solvents on Fucoxanthin and Phlorotannin Recovery from Brown Seaweed Using Supercritical CO2","volume":"120","author":"Saravana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.05.006","article-title":"Recovery of Carotenoids from Brown Seaweeds Using Aqueous Solutions of Surface-Active Ionic Liquids and Anionic Surfactants","volume":"196","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201200231","article-title":"Isolation of Fucoxanthin from Edible Brown Algae by Microwave-Assisted Extraction Coupled with High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2010.10.008","article-title":"Pressurized Liquid Method for Fucoxanthin Extraction from Eisenia Bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell","volume":"111","author":"Shang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Vaquero, M., Rajauria, G., Miranda, M., Sweeney, T., Lopez-Alonso, M., and O\u2019Doherty, J. (2021). Seasonal Variation of the Proximate Composition, Mineral Content, Fatty Acid Profiles and Other Phytochemical Constituents of Selected Brown Macroalgae. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19040204"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"453","article-title":"The Determination of Total Protein, Total Soluble Carbohydrate and Pigment Contents of Some Macroalgae Collected from Gemlik-Karacaali (Bursa) and Erdek-Ormanli (Balikesir) in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey","volume":"45","author":"Dere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1997.10413637","article-title":"Dominant Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Macroalgae of the Baltic Sea (Baltic Proper): Their Use as Potential Biomarkers","volume":"82","author":"Bianchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sarsia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.3390\/md11103754","article-title":"The Red Seaweed Gracilaria Gracilis as a Multi Products Source","volume":"11","author":"Francavilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2010.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis, in Vitro Assessment of Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Food Carotenoids\u2014A Review","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-012-9602-2","article-title":"A Potential Commercial Source of Fucoxanthin Extracted from the Microalga Phaeodactylum Tricornutum","volume":"166","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Perez, P., Louren\u00e7o-Lopes, C., Silva, A., Pereira, A.G., Fraga-Corral, M., Zhao, C., Xiao, J., Simal-Gandara, J., and Prieto, M.A. (2022). Pigment Composition of Nine Brown Algae from the Iberian Northwestern Coastline: Influence of the Extraction Solvent. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020113"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101603","article-title":"Evaluation of Fucoxanthin Contents in Seaweed Biomass by Vortex-Assisted Solid-Liquid Microextraction Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection","volume":"42","author":"Nunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0983-4","article-title":"Optimisation of Fucoxanthin Extraction from Irish Seaweeds by Response Surface Methodology","volume":"29","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaner, W.S. (2020). Vitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-66162-1.00005-6"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Waijers, P., and Feskens, E. (2004). Assessment of Vitamin A Intake of the Dutch Population, RIVM Report. RIVM Report 350010002."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2004). WHO Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition. WHO\/FAO Joint Expert Consultation, WHO. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000166","article-title":"A Review of Vitamin A Equivalency of \u03b2-Carotene in Various Food Matrices for Human Consumption","volume":"111","author":"Naber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"EFSA (2006). Tolerable Upper Intake Level on Vitamins and Minerals, EFSA."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637861","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4637861","article-title":"Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition?","volume":"2018","author":"Toti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy270","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin and Carotenoid Intake and Risk of Age-Related Cataract","volume":"109","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab071","article-title":"The Effect of Lutein\/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"100991","article-title":"Recent Progress in Natural Seaweed Pigments: Green Extraction, Health-Promoting Activities, Techno-Functional Properties and Role in Intelligent Food Packaging","volume":"15","author":"Manzoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139457","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Chlorophyll Pigments on the Bioaccessibility of \u03b2-Carotene: Influence of Chlorophyll Structure and Oil Matrix","volume":"451","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-G\u00e1lvez, A., Viera, I., and Roca, M. (2020). Carotenoids and Chlorophylls as Antioxidants. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060505"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111186","article-title":"Investigation of Natural Food Fortificants for Improving Various Properties of Fortified Foods: A Review","volume":"156","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12624","article-title":"What Is Food-to-food Fortification? A Working Definition and Framework for Evaluation of Efficiency and Implementation of Best Practices","volume":"19","author":"Kruger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000371618","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Global Micronutrient Deficiencies","volume":"66","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, C., Sousa, S., Machado, S., Vieira, E., Carvalho, A.P., Ramalhosa, M.J., Morais, S., Correia, M., Oliva-Teles, T., and Domingues, V.F. (2021). Bioactive Lipids of Seaweeds from the Portuguese North Coast: Health Benefits versus Potential Contamination. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061366"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/12\/1573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:43:50Z","timestamp":1760114630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/12\/1573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["life14121573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14121573","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]}}}