{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:33Z","timestamp":1760059173909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e9neca Foundation and the Murcia Regional Government","award":["22034\/PI\/22","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22034\/PI\/22","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["22034\/PI\/22","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22034\/PI\/22","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"The European Next Generation","award":["22034\/PI\/22","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22034\/PI\/22","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are biomarkers of situations of negative energetic balance in bovine. However, knowledge about their possible measurement and use in saliva is limited. In this report, two commercially available methods for the measurement of BHB and NEFAs were validated for use in bovine saliva. Both methods showed good precision and accuracy. The BHB concentrations were correlated between the saliva and the serum, but not the NEFA concentrations. The cows with hyperketonemia (n = 17) had increased salivary BHB compared to the cows with no clinical signs and no hyperketonemia (n = 34) and those with clinical signs of metritis (n = 17). The salivary NEFA concentration increased in newborn calves (n = 10) on days 1 and 2 of life compared to the day of birth before colostrum intake. The calves with symptomatic bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD, n = 7) showed higher salivary NEFA concentrations than those without clinical symptoms (n = 6). Thus, BHB and NEFAs can be reliably measured in bovine saliva using easily automatable colorimetric methods. Salivary BHB increased in hyperketonemia and could be a potential biomarker of this condition. Further studies should be undertaken to clarify the mechanism and possible use of salivary NEFAs as biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15060854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T02:50:05Z","timestamp":1748227805000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of the Measurement of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Bovine Saliva: A Pilot Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila P.","family":"Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Rigueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Producci\u00f3n Animal y Ciencias Cl\u00ednicas Veterinarias, Servicio de Animales de Renta, Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof-Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Terra, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9869-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Producci\u00f3n Animal y Ciencias Cl\u00ednicas Veterinarias, Servicio de Animales de Renta, Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof-Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Terra, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pedro Javier","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Semitiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JISAP, 30817 Lorca, Spain"}]},{"given":"David","family":"del Olmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JISAP, 30817 Lorca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda D.","family":"Contreras-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Lamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4354-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"De la Fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Cer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Tecles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.01.003","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows: A Systematic Review and 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