{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:45:26Z","timestamp":1774579526473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fructose malabsorption is characterized as the incomplete absorption of fructose in the small intestine. Fructose is one of the most common monosaccharides in the human diet. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of insights into the relationship between high-fructose diet, fructose malabsorption, gut microbiota and clinical consequences. Incomplete absorption of fructose causes accumulation in the colon, which leads to fermentation by gut microbiota and abdominal symptoms such as bloating and excessive gas production. Malabsorption may result from exceeding the absorptive capacity of GLUT5 or insufficient upregulation, with incidence increasing with age and higher dietary fructose concentrations. High-fructose diets generally promote an increase in inflammatory bacterial groups such as Desulfovibrio and Deferribacteraceae, while reducing beneficial Bacteroidetes. These microbial alterations may impair intestinal barrier function, modify short-chain fatty acid profiles, and contribute to systemic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and potentially mental health issues. Animal studies using fructose malabsorption models present inconclusive results regarding the impact of fructose on the composition of gut microbiota. Additional research is essential to fully comprehend the complex relationship between diet, fructose malabsorption and gut microbiota, to develop personalized, effective dietary approaches for managing symptoms of fructose malabsorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15111720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1762451503000},"page":"1720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fructose Malabsorption, Gut Microbiota and Clinical Consequences: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina D.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6093-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechcare), Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2414-016 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.18.1.117","article-title":"Dietary Fructans","volume":"18","author":"Roberfroid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-013-0370-0","article-title":"Dietary Fructose Intolerance, Fructan Intolerance and FODMAPs","volume":"16","author":"Fedewa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (2018). Consumption and Impact of High Fructose Syrups, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10719794","article-title":"The Effects of High Fructose Syrup","volume":"28","author":"Moeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e07074","article-title":"Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Dietary Sugars","volume":"20","author":"Turck","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gericke, B., Schecker, N., Amiri, M., and Naim, H.Y. (2017). Structure-Function Analysis of Human Sucrase-Isomaltase Identifies Key Residues Required for Catalytic Activity. J. Biol. Chem., 292.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.791939"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02506.x","article-title":"Personal View: Food for Thought\u2014Western Lifestyle and Susceptibility to Crohn\u2019s Disease. The FODMAP Hypothesis","volume":"21","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab119","article-title":"The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-Type Fructans: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02755-1","article-title":"FODMAPs, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Gut Microbiota: Updated Overview on the Current Evidence","volume":"61","author":"Maganinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"51","article-title":"Clinical Ramifications of Malabsorption of Fructose and Other Short-Chain Carbohydrates","volume":"53","author":"Barret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pract. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03186.x","article-title":"Review Article: Fructose Malabsorption and the Bigger Picture","volume":"25","author":"Gibson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.010","article-title":"Fructose Malabsorption and Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Guidelines for Effective Dietary Management","volume":"106","author":"Shepherd","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05889-9","article-title":"Diagnostic Utility of Carbohydrate Breath Tests for SIBO, Fructose, and Lactose Intolerance","volume":"65","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46","article-title":"Hydrogen and Methane-Based Breath Testing in Gastrointestinal Disorders: The North American Consensus","volume":"112","author":"Rezaie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051707","article-title":"Intestinal Absorption of Fructose","volume":"38","author":"Ferraris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049247","article-title":"Simple-sugar Meals Target GLUT2 at Enterocyte Apical Membranes to Improve Sugar Absorption: A Study in GLUT2-null Mice","volume":"552","author":"Gouyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R499","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00128.2015","article-title":"Fructose-Induced Increases in Expression of Intestinal Fructolytic and Gluconeogenic Genes Are Regulated by GLUT5 and KHK","volume":"309","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-272195","article-title":"Transport, Metabolism, and Endosomal Trafficking-Dependent Regulation of Intestinal Fructose Absorption","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008","article-title":"Regulation of the Fructose Transporter GLUT5 in Health and Disease","volume":"295","author":"Douard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119908109","article-title":"Opposing Effects of Fructokinase C and A Isoforms on Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice","volume":"109","author":"Ishimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0222-9","article-title":"The Small Intestine Shields the Liver from Fructose-Induced Steatosis","volume":"2","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G592","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00416.2016","article-title":"Nutrient Sensing by Absorptive and Secretory Progenies of Small Intestinal Stem Cells","volume":"312","author":"Kishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215731","article-title":"The Role of Fructose Transporters in Diseases Linked to Excessive Fructose Intake","volume":"591","author":"Douard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00107-0","article-title":"Intestinal Absorption in Health and Disease\u2014Sugars","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181fd1315","article-title":"Effect of Age on Fructose Malabsorption in Children Presenting with Gastrointestinal Symptoms","volume":"52","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C795","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.3.C795","article-title":"Human Intestinal Glucose Transporter Expression and Localization of GLUT5","volume":"262","author":"Davidson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Physiol. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.04.008","article-title":"Ability of the Normal Human Small Intestine to Absorb Fructose: Evaluation by Breath Testing","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005634824020","article-title":"Coincidental Malabsorption of Lactose, Fructose, and Sorbitol Ingested at Low Doses Is Not Common in Normal Adults","volume":"45","author":"Ladas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.12.016","article-title":"The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids","volume":"27","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, R., Dong, H., Chen, Z., Jin, M., Yin, J., Li, H., Shi, D., Shao, Y., Wang, H., and Chen, T. (2021). Intestinal Microbiota Mediates High-Fructose and High-Fat Diets to Induce Chronic Intestinal Inflammation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.654074"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.09.008","article-title":"Dietary Fructose Alters the Composition, Localization, and Metabolism of Gut Microbiota in Association with Worsening Colitis","volume":"11","author":"Montrose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808128200","article-title":"Slc2a5 (Glut5) Is Essential for the Absorption of Fructose in the Intestine and Generation of Fructose-Induced Hypertension","volume":"284","author":"Barone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500155","article-title":"The Diffusive Component of Intestinal Glucose Absorption Is Mediated by the Glucose-Induced Recruitment of GLUT2 to the Brush-Border Membrane","volume":"350","author":"Kellet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6der, P.V., Geillinger, K.E., Zietek, T.S., Thorens, B., Koepsell, H., and Daniel, H. (2014). The Role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in Intestinal Glucose Transport and Sensing. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089977"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00457.2010","article-title":"Intestinal Fructose Transport and Malabsorption in Humans","volume":"300","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iizuka, K. (2023). Recent Progress on Fructose Metabolism\u2014Chrebp, Fructolysis, and Polyol Pathway. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071778"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iametti, S., Bonomi, F., and Di Nunzio, M. (2022). Dietary Polyphenols and In Vitro Intestinal Fructose Uptake and Transport: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214355"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.07.032","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Polyphenols on Fructose Uptake by Human Intestinal Epithelial (Caco-2) Cells","volume":"36","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17393","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200917393","article-title":"Selected Phytochemicals and Culinary Plant Extracts Inhibit Fructose Uptake in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528708991486","article-title":"Malabsorption of Fructose-Sorbitol Mixtures Interactions Causing Abdominal Distress","volume":"22","author":"Rumessen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12144","article-title":"Dietary Sorbitol and Mannitol: Food Content and Distinct Absorption Patterns between Healthy Individuals and Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sia, T., Tanaka, R.O., Mousad, A., Narayan, A.P., Si, K., Bacchus, L., Ouerghi, H., Patel, A., Patel, A., and Cunningham, E. (2024). Fructose Malabsorption and Fructan Malabsorption Are Associated in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03230-x"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-82","article-title":"Health Implications of Fructose Consumption: A Review of Recent Data","volume":"7","author":"Rizkalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). World Health Organization Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semchyshyn, H. (2024). Fructose-Mediated AGE-RAGE Axis: Approaches for Mild Modulation. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1500375"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097949","article-title":"Fructose Ingestion: Dose-Dependent Responses in Health Research","volume":"139","author":"Livesey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, M.H., Lee, E., Oh, M.J., Kim, Y., and Park, H.Y. (2018). High-Glucose or -Fructose Diet Cause Changes of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Mice without Body Weight Change. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060761"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102445","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Determined by Dietary Nutrients, Drive Modification of the Plasma Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance","volume":"24","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.-M., Yu, R., Zhang, L.-P., Wen, S.-Y., Wang, S.-J., Zhang, X.-Y., Xu, Q., and Kong, L.-D. (2019). Dietary Fructose-Induced Gut Dysbiosis Promotes Mouse Hippocampal Neuroinflammation: A Benefit of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Microbiome, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0713-7"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.242859","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Function and the Gut Microbiome Are Differentially Affected in Mice Fed a Western-Style Diet or Drinking Water Supplemented with Fructose","volume":"147","author":"Volynets","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Luccia, B., Crescenzo, R., Mazzoli, A., Cigliano, L., Venditti, P., Walser, J.-C., Widmer, A., Baccigalupi, L., Ricca, E., and Iossa, S. (2015). Rescue of Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome by Antibiotics or Faecal Transplantation in a Rat Model of Obesity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134893"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beisner, J., Gonzalez-Granda, A., Basrai, M., Damms-Machado, A., and Bischoff, S.C. (2020). Fructose-Induced Intestinal Microbiota Shift Following Two Types of Short-Term High-Fructose Dietary Phases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113444"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.04.008","article-title":"A Rise in Proteobacteria Is an Indicator of Gut-Liver Axis-Mediated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Fructose-Fed Adult Mice","volume":"91","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, X., Akbar, M.T., Wu, T., Zhang, Y., Zhi, L., and Shen, Q. (2024). Exploration of the Muribaculaceae Family in the Gut Microbiota: Diversity, Metabolism, and Function. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162660"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.B., Carroll-Portillo, A., and Lin, H.C. (2023). Desulfovibrio in the Gut: The Enemy Within?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071772"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, M., Celano, G., Calabrese, F.M., Portincasa, P., Gobbetti, M., and De Angelis, M. (2020). The Controversial Role of Human Gut Lachnospiraceae. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, P., Zhang, K., Ma, X., and He, P. (2020). Clostridium Species as Probiotics: Potentials and Challenges. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0402-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3060637","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Hakansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandy, K.A.O., Zhang, J., Nagarkatti, P., and Nagarkatti, M. (2019). The Role of Gut Microbiota in Shaping the Relapse-Remitting and Chronic-Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis in Mouse Models. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43356-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belzer, C., Gerber, G.K., Roeselers, G., Delaney, M., DuBois, A., Liu, Q., Belavusava, V., Yeliseyev, V., Houseman, A., and Onderdonk, A. (2014). Dynamics of the Microbiota in Response to Host Infection. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095534"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02790.x","article-title":"Effects of the in Vitro Fermentation of Oligofructose and Inulin by Bacteria Growing in the Human Large Intestine","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Yi, Y., Shan, Y., Liu, B., Zhou, Y., and L\u00fc, X. (2022). Roles of Intestinal Parabacteroides in Human Health and Diseases. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 369.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac072"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01197-12","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Containing Barnesiella Species Cures Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Colonization","volume":"81","author":"Ubeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2411181","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411181","article-title":"Gut Commensal Barnesiella intestinihominis Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Liver Metabolic Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.046","article-title":"Linking the Human Gut Microbiome to Inflammatory Cytokine Production Capacity","volume":"167","author":"Schirmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, B., He, J., Pan, X., Kong, L., Xiao, C., Keerqin, C., and Song, Z. (2023). Dietary Macleaya Cordata Extract Supplementation Improves the Growth Performance and Gut Health of Broiler Chickens with Necrotic Enteritis. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00916-2"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11467.x","article-title":"The Microbiology of Butyrate Formation in the Human Colon","volume":"217","author":"Pryde","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519","article-title":"Potential Beneficial Effects of Butyrate in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Canani","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2021.801","article-title":"Excess Dietary Fructose Does Not Alter Gut Microbiota or Permeability in Humans: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"5","author":"Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-021-00703-6","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Disorders\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7126","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801526RR","article-title":"Fructose Malabsorption Induces Cholecystokinin Expression in the Ileum and Cecum by Changing Microbiota Composition and Metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-023-01736-w","article-title":"Correction to: Fructose Malabsorption in ChREBP-Deficient Mice Disrupts the Small Intestine Immune Microenvironment and Leads to Diarrhea-Dominant Bowel Habit Changes","volume":"72","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e4nzle, M.G., and Follador, R. (2012). Metabolism of Oligosaccharides and Starch in Lactobacilli: A Review. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00340"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehfeld, J.F. (2017). Cholecystokinin-From Local Gut Hormone to Ubiquitous Messenger. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00047"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, T., Iizuka, K., Takao, K., Horikawa, Y., Kitamura, T., and Takeda, J. (2018). ChREBP-Knockout Mice Show Sucrose Intolerance and Fructose Malabsorption. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201802.0005.v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.04.006","article-title":"ChREBP Deficiency Leads to Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/003655201300051135","article-title":"Fructose Malabsorption Is Associated with Decreased Plasma Tryptophan","volume":"36","author":"Ledochowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200451162","article-title":"Fructose- and Sorbitol-Reduced Diet Improves Mood and Gastrointestinal Disturbances in Fructose Malabsorbers","volume":"35","author":"Ledochowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Li, J., and Ying, S. (2023). Tryptophan Metabolism and Gut Microbiota: A Novel Regulatory Axis Integrating the Microbiome, Immunity, and Cancer. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13111166"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luki\u0107, I., Ivkovi\u0107, S., Miti\u0107, M., and Ad\u017ei\u0107, M. (2022). Tryptophan Metabolites in Depression: Modulation by Gut Microbiota. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.987697"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00578-0","article-title":"Excess Free Fructose, Apple Juice, High Fructose Corn Syrup and Childhood Asthma Risk\u2014The National Children\u2019s Study","volume":"19","author":"DeChristopher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00919-3","article-title":"40 Years of Adding More Fructose to High Fructose Corn Syrup than Is Safe, through the Lens of Malabsorption and Altered Gut Health\u2013Gateways to Chronic Disease","volume":"23","author":"DeChristopher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phuong-Nguyen, K., McNeill, B.A., Aston-Mourney, K., and Rivera, L.R. (2023). Advanced Glycation End-Products and Their Effects on Gut Health. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020405"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101374","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101374","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Depression: Deep Insight into Biological Mechanisms and Potential Applications","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, C.-F., Wang, C.-Y., Wang, J.-H., Wang, Q.-N., Li, S.-J., Wang, H.-O., Zhou, F., and Li, J.-M. (2022). Short-Chain Fatty Acids Ameliorate Depressive-like Behaviors of High Fructose-Fed Mice by Rescuing Hippocampal Neurogenesis Decline and Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Damage. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091882"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1487","article-title":"A High-fructose Diet Induces Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Exacerbates the Severity of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis","volume":"43","author":"Kawabata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800868","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800868","article-title":"Short-Term Isocaloric Intake of a Fructose- but Not Glucose-Rich Diet Affects Bacterial Endotoxin Concentrations and Markers of Metabolic Health in Normal Weight Healthy Subjects","volume":"63","author":"Nier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Huang, X., Huangfu, B., Hu, Y., Xu, J., Gao, R., Huang, K., and He, X. (2023). Sulforaphane Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet via LPS\/TLR4 in the Gut\u2013Liver Axis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030743"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, R., Zhang, K., Li, Y., Tang, Z., Zheng, R., Ma, Y., Chen, Z., Lei, N., Xiong, L., and Guo, P. (2023). Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression-like Model in Mice: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Evaluation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1181973"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.05.006","article-title":"Dietary Fructose and Intestinal Barrier: Potential Risk Factor in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"20","author":"Spruss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i10.2456","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Emerging Paradigm in Pathophysiology","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614521124","article-title":"Symptomatic Fructose Malabsorption in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective Study","volume":"2","author":"Melchior","year":"2014","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2014.20.2.228","article-title":"Unclear Abdominal Discomfort: Pivotal Role of Carbohydrate Malabsorption","volume":"20","author":"Stengel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-014-0492-9","article-title":"Fructose Malabsorption Is Not Uncommon among Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in India: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31802cbc2f","article-title":"Fructose Intolerance in IBS and Utility of Fructose-Restricted Diet","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsagoni, C.N., Karagianni, V.-M., and Papadopoulou, A. (2023). Efficacy of Different Dietary Patterns in the Treatment of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0508.v1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12128","article-title":"The Low FODMAP Diet Improves Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective Study","volume":"67","author":"Dobbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10233","article-title":"Low-FODMAP Diet Is Associated with Improved Quality of Life in IBS Patients\u2014A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"34","author":"Kortlever","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14575","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14575","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Assessing Fructose Tolerance during Fructose Reintroduction in Non-constipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Successfully Treated with a Low FODMAP Diet","volume":"35","author":"Cuff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertin, L., Zanconato, M., Crepaldi, M., Marasco, G., Cremon, C., Barbara, G., Barberio, B., Zingone, F., and Savarino, E.V. (2024). The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030370"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Huang, J., Li, Y., Xu, T., Quan, G., Xu, P., Yang, X., Liu, Z., and Xie, W. (2025). Therapeutic Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Severe Food Intolerance: A Case Report. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1594022"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12057","article-title":"Oral Xylose Isomerase Decreases Breath Hydrogen Excretion and Improves Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Fructose Malabsorption\u2014A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study","volume":"36","author":"Komericki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/11\/1720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:34:48Z","timestamp":1762508088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/11\/1720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life15111720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15111720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]}}}