{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:42:04Z","timestamp":1773308524265,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020\u2014LAETA\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeron\u00e1utica"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020\u2014LAETA\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeron\u00e1utica"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lubricants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Friction stir welding (FSW) is a process by which a joint can be made in a solid state. The complexity of the process due to metallurgical phenomena necessitates the use of models with the ability to accurately correlate the process parameters with the joint properties. In the present study, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model and predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the joint between the AA2024 and AA7075 aluminum alloys. Three pin geometries, pyramidal, conical, and cylindrical, were used for welding. The rotation speed varied between 800 and 1200 rpm and the welding speed varied between 10 and 50 mm\/min. The obtained ANN model was used in a simulated annealing algorithm (SA algorithm) to optimize the process to attain the maximum UTS. The SA algorithm yielded the cylindrical pin and rotational speed of 1110 rpm to achieve the maximum UTS (395 MPa), which agreed well with the experiment. Tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the joint strength and the microstructure of the joints, respectively. Various defects were detected in the joints, such as a root kissing bond and unconsolidated banding structures, whose formations were dependent on the tool geometry and the rotation speed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants11020059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Parametric Study on the Effect of FSW Parameters and the Tool Geometry on the Tensile Strength of AA2024\u2013AA7075 Joints: Microstructure and Fracture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Beygi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Zarezadeh Mehrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Akhavan-Safar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06406-3","article-title":"Design of friction stir welding for butt joining of aluminum to steel of dissimilar thickness: Heat treatment and fracture behavior","volume":"112","author":"Beygi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-9861-0","article-title":"Recent developments in joining of aluminum alloys","volume":"91","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. 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