{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:38:50Z","timestamp":1772782730642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431C 2020\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2020\/10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431C 2020\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2020\/10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LAETA","award":["ED431C 2020\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2020\/10"]}]},{"name":"LAETA","award":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"]}]},{"name":"LAETA","award":["UID\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["ED431C 2020\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2020\/10"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112846RB-C22"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["UID\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lubricants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research shows the antifriction and antiwear synergies between a phosphonium ionic liquid (IL) and f-WS2 and f-SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as additives of a base oil with low viscosity (PAO6). Mass concentrations of 0.1 wt% nanoadditives and 1% IL were selected to formulate the nanolubricants. Pure sliding and rolling\u2013sliding friction tests were performed at 120 \u00b0C, finding great friction reductions in comparison with the PAO6 base oil, specifically for the double hybrid nanolubricant (PAO6 + 1 wt% IL + 0.1 wt% f-WS2 + 0.1 wt% f-SiO2). Regarding the wear produced, the greatest antiwear behavior was also achieved for the double hybrid nanolubricant (width reduction of 48% and worn area decrease of 84%). Furthermore, by means of Raman microscopy and roughness examination of the worn surfaces, it can be proposed that the lubrication mechanism of doubled hybrid nanolubricants could be supported by the adsorbed tribofilm (IL and f-WS2) as well as the mending effects (f-WS2 and f-SiO2).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants12020058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1708063225000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Functionalized WS2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles and a Phosphonium Ionic Liquid as Hybrid Additives of Low-Viscosity Lubricants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Li\u00f1eira del R\u00edo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermophysical and Tribological Properties, Nafomat Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, and Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Unidade de Tribologia, Vibra\u00e7oes e Manuten\u00e7ao Industrial, INEGI, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4249-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M. C. G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Tribologia, Vibra\u00e7oes e Manuten\u00e7ao Industrial, INEGI, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E. P.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Tribologia, Vibra\u00e7oes e Manuten\u00e7ao Industrial, INEGI, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge H. O.","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.03.024","article-title":"The impact of tribology on energy use and CO2 emission globally and in combustion engine and electric cars","volume":"135","author":"Holmberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gupta, A. (2012). Characterization of Engine and Transmission Lubricants for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles. 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