{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:11Z","timestamp":1760242451479,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT Investigator 2013","IF\/01203\/2013\/CP1163\/CT0002","UID\/BIO\/04565\/2013","OE\/EME\/UI0667\/2014","UID\/EMS\/00667\/2013","PTDC\/EME-TME\/118678\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT Investigator 2013","IF\/01203\/2013\/CP1163\/CT0002","UID\/BIO\/04565\/2013","OE\/EME\/UI0667\/2014","UID\/EMS\/00667\/2013","PTDC\/EME-TME\/118678\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an increasingly miniaturised technological world, non-destructive testing (NDT) methodologies able to detect defects at the micro scale are necessary to prevent failures. Although several existing methods allow the detection of defects at that scale, their application may be hindered by the small size of the samples to examine. In this study, the application of bacterial cells to help the detection of fissures, cracks, and voids on the surface of metals is proposed. The application of magnetic and electric fields after deposition of the cells ensured the distribution of the cells over the entire surfaces and helped the penetration of the cells inside the defects. The use of fluorophores to stain the cells allowed their visualisation and the identification of the defects. Furthermore, the size and zeta potential of the cells and their production of siderophores and biosurfactants could be influenced to detect smaller defects. Micro and nano surface defects made in aluminium, steel, and copper alloys could be readily identified by two Staphylococcus strains and Rhodococcus erythropolis cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10070788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T10:36:12Z","timestamp":1499855772000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Biotechnology to Solve Engineering Problems: Non-Destructive Testing of Microfabrication Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"De Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"In\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6551-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9072-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.01.147","article-title":"Replication and characterization of 316L stainless steel micro-mixer by micro powder injection molding","volume":"496","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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