{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:11:30Z","timestamp":1760209890167,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]],"date-time":"2017-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crosslinked pyrrolidinium-based poly(ionic liquids) (Pyrr-PILs) were synthesized through a fast, simple, and solventless photopolymerization scheme, and tested as solid phase microextraction (SPME) sorbents. A series of Pyrr-PILs bearing three different alkyl side chain lengths with two, eight, and fourteen carbons was prepared, characterized, and homogeneously coated on a steel wire by using a very simple procedure. The resulting coatings showed a high thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 350 \u00b0C, excellent film stability, and lifetime of over 100 injections. The performance of these PIL-based SPME fibers was evaluated using a mixture of eleven organic compounds with different molar volumes and chemical functionalities (alcohols, ketones, and monoterpenes). The Pyrr-PIL fibers were obtained as dense film coatings, with 67 \u03bcm thickness, with an overall sorption increase of 90% and 55% as compared to commercial fibers of Polyacrylate (85 \u03bcm) (PA85) and Polydimethylsiloxane (7 \u03bcm) (PDMS7) coatings, respectively. A urine sample doped with the sample mixture was used to study the matrix effect and establish relative recoveries, which ranged from 60.2% to 104.1%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10091094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T07:12:50Z","timestamp":1505805170000},"page":"1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Expanding the Applicability of Poly(Ionic Liquids) in Solid Phase Microextraction: Pyrrolidinium Coatings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Patinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9827-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Isik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mecerreyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5403-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Marrucho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00218a019","article-title":"Solid-phase microextraction with thermal-desorption using fused-silica optical fibers","volume":"62","author":"Arthur","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2013.02.012","article-title":"New materials in solid-phase microextraction","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1039\/c003335a","article-title":"Current trends in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre coatings","volume":"39","author":"Spietelun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4002879","article-title":"Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001\u20132011)","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.07.047","article-title":"Are metal-organic frameworks able to provide a new generation of solid-phase microextraction coatings?\u2014A review","volume":"939","author":"Andez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.11.045","article-title":"Use of green coating (cork) in solid-phase microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in water by gas chromatography-electron capture detection","volume":"134","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.03.034","article-title":"Ionic liquids in solid-phase microextraction: A review","volume":"695","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2014.12.020","article-title":"The role of water in cholinium carboxylate ionic liquid\u2019s aqueous solutions","volume":"84","author":"Patinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35151j","article-title":"Aqueous biphasic systems: A boost brought about by using ionic liquids","volume":"41","author":"Freire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.01.024","article-title":"Disposable ionic liquid coating for headspace solid-phase microextraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in paints followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection","volume":"1066","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200400411","article-title":"Synthesis of novel polycations using the chemistry of ionic liquids","volume":"206","author":"Marcilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.08.071","article-title":"Polymeric ionic liquids as selective coatings for the extraction of esters using solid-phase microextraction","volume":"1208","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.10.014","article-title":"Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in ocean water and bovine milk using crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings by solid-phase microextraction","volume":"118","author":"Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4108","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY00423G","article-title":"Determination of compounds with varied volatilities from aqueous samples using a polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coating by direct immersion-headspace solid-phase microextraction","volume":"8","author":"Merib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.01.010","article-title":"A novel aromatically functional polymeric ionic liquid as sorbent material for solid-phase microextraction","volume":"1227","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902438k","article-title":"Polymeric Ionic Liquids as CO2 Selective Sorbent Coatings for Solid-Phase Microextraction","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.05.026","article-title":"Ionic liquids-based crosslinked copolymer sorbents for headspace solid-phase microextraction of polar alcohols","volume":"1245","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.11.046","article-title":"Role of counteranions in polymeric ionic liquid-based solid-phase microextraction coatings for the selective extraction of polar compounds","volume":"687","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.03.080","article-title":"Selective extraction of genotoxic impurities and structurally alerting compounds using polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings in solid-phase microextraction: Alkyl halides and aromatics","volume":"1240","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.01.052","article-title":"Development of a solid-phase microextraction fiber by chemical binding of polymeric ionic liquid on a silica coated stainless steel wire","volume":"1230","author":"Pang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra20142a","article-title":"Recent advances of ionic liquids in separation science and mass spectrometry","volume":"2","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00510H","article-title":"Ionic liquid-based materials: A platform to design engineered CO2 separation membranes","volume":"45","author":"Marrucho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1021\/cm203790z","article-title":"Synthesis of pyrrolidinium-based poly(ionic liquid) electrolytes with poly(ethylene glycol) side chains","volume":"24","author":"Azcune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.08.064","article-title":"Development of relatively selective, chemically and mechanically robust solid-phase microextraction fibers based on methacrylic acid\u2013trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate co-polymers","volume":"1208","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/981458","article-title":"Current Challenges in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis as Potential Biomarkers of Cancer","volume":"2015","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY01911G","article-title":"Crosslinking of comb-shaped polymer anion exchange membranes via thiol\u2013ene click chemistry","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201000215","article-title":"Tuning the properties of functional pyrrolidinium polymers by (Co)polymerization of diallyldimethylammonium ionic liquids","volume":"31","author":"Jovanovski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01569a037","article-title":"Preparation and Polymerization of Unsaturated Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. VIII. A Proposed Alternating Intramolecular-Intermolecular Chain Propagation","volume":"79","author":"Butler","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, A.W., Blackwood, K.M., Milne, P.E.Y., and Goodby, J.W. (2003). Novel UV cured coatings and adhesives based on the photoinitiated cyclopolymerization of derivatives of diallylamine. Chem. Commun., 2530\u20132531.","DOI":"10.1039\/b306992n"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2013.10.016","article-title":"Ordering and structural changes at the glass-liquid transition","volume":"382","author":"Ojovan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(00)00036-8","article-title":"Transport phenomena through polymeric systems","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawliszyn, J. (1999). Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction, Royal Society of Chemistry. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847550149"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.04.013","article-title":"Polymeric ionic liquid bucky gels as sorbent coatings for solid-phase microextraction","volume":"1344","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawliszyn, J. (2012). Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction, Elsevier. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416017-0.00001-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00535-5","article-title":"Evolution of solid-phase microextraction technology","volume":"885","author":"Lord","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2003.07.003","article-title":"Inorganic\/organic mesoporous silica as a novel fiber coating of solid-phase microextraction","volume":"62","author":"Hou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowie, J.M.G., and Arrighi, V. (2007). Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420009873"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.08.007","article-title":"Tuning the selectivity of polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using solid-phase microextraction","volume":"1217","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.12.046","article-title":"Polymeric ionic liquid coatings versus commercial solid-phase microextraction coatings for the determination of volatile compounds in cheeses","volume":"121","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/10\/9\/1094\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:14Z","timestamp":1760208314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/10\/9\/1094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma10091094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma10091094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]}}}