{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:42:55Z","timestamp":1775832175479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,14]],"date-time":"2018-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The design of bioactive scaffolds with improved mechanical and biological properties is an important topic of research. This paper investigates the use of polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Different ceramic materials (hydroxyapatite (HA) and \u03b2-tri-calcium phosphate (TCP)) were mixed with poly-\u03b5-caprolactone (PCL). Scaffolds with different material compositions were produced using an extrusion-based additive manufacturing system. The produced scaffolds were physically and chemically assessed, considering mechanical, wettability, scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric tests. Cell viability, attachment and proliferation tests were performed using human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs). Results show that scaffolds containing HA present better biological properties and TCP scaffolds present improved mechanical properties. It was also possible to observe that the addition of ceramic particles had no effect on the wettability of the scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T12:30:36Z","timestamp":1516019436000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Polymer-Ceramic Composite Scaffolds: The Effect of Hydroxyapatite and \u03b2-tri-Calcium Phosphate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, Araras-SP 13607-339, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cian","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1112-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonny","family":"Blaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Diver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"B\u00e1rtolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.12.007","article-title":"A simultaneous process of 3D magnesium phosphate scaffold fabrication and bioactive substance loading for hard tissue regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. 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