{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T10:46:33Z","timestamp":1771757193443,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel 3D printing material based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)\u2014improved sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) for rapid 3D construction printing application is reported. The hydration heat, setting time, fluidity of paste and mortar, shape retainability, and compressive strength of extruded SAC mortar were investigated. HPMC dosage, water-to-cement (W\/C) ratio, and sand-to-cement (S\/C) ratio were studied as the experimental parameters. Hydration heat results reveal HPMC could delay the hydration of SAC. The initial and final setting time measured using Vicat needle would be shortened in the case of W\/C ratio of 0.3 and 0.35 with HPMC dosage from 0.5% to 1.5%, W\/C ratio of 0.40 with HPMC dosage of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.5%, and W\/C ratio of 0.45 with HPMC dosage of 0.45, or be extended in the case of W\/C ratio of 0.4 with HPMC dosage of 1.0% and W\/C ratio of 0.45 with HPMC dosage from 0.75% to 1.5%. Fluidity measurement shows HPMC significantly improves the shape retainability. Furthermore, the addition of HPMC remarkably increased the compressive strength of extruded mortar. The results showed that HPMC could be used to prepare 3D printing SAC having satisfactory shape retainability, setting time and compressive strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T11:47:53Z","timestamp":1543492073000},"page":"2415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Feasibility Study on HPMC-Improved Sulphoaluminate Cement for 3D Printing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhu","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Center for Sustainable Infrastructure, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Sanjayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sustainable Infrastructure, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"given":"Patrick X.W.","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sustainable Infrastructure, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Kun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0154","article-title":"A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: Current status and future research prospects","volume":"24","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. 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