{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T11:54:45Z","timestamp":1777204485107,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]],"date-time":"2019-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1D1A1B03028141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1D1A1B03028141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fresh concrete used in 3D printing should ensure adequate yield stress, otherwise the printed concrete layer may suffer intolerable deformation or collapse during the printing process. In response to this issue, an analytical study was carried out to derive the initial yield stress and hardening coefficient of fresh concrete suitable for 3D printing. The maximum shear stress distribution of fresh concrete was calculated using a stress transformation equation derived from the equilibrium condition of forces. In addition, the elapsed time experienced by fresh concrete during the printing processes was estimated and was then substituted into the elapsed time-yield stress function to calculate the yield stress distribution. Based on these results, an algorithm capable of deriving both the initial yield stress and the hardening coefficient required for printing fresh concrete up to the target height was proposed and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed to verify the accuracy of the proposed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12040657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T03:49:44Z","timestamp":1550807384000},"page":"657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Rheological Property Criteria for Buildable 3D Printing Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hoseong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Jin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yoon Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seong Tae","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Inha College, 100, Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kang Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanna, A.S. (1999). Concrete formwork systems, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203909690"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.6106\/KJCEM.2014.15.3.038","article-title":"An Analysis and Improvement of Free Form Building\u2019s Construction Productivity Focused on Exposed Concrete Work","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.04.005","article-title":"A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2003.08.012","article-title":"Automated construction by contour crafting\u2014related robotics and information technologies","volume":"13","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.07.034","article-title":"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology","volume":"93","author":"Cesaretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.03.097","article-title":"Large-scale 3D printing of ultra-high performance concrete\u2014a new processing route for architects and builders","volume":"100","author":"Gosselin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.001","article-title":"Properties of 3D-printed fibre-reinforced Portland cement paste","volume":"79","author":"Hambach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.026","article-title":"Additive construction: State-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities","volume":"72","author":"Labonnote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Banfill, P.F.G. (2006). Rheology of fresh cement and concr ete. Rheology reviews, The British Society of Rheology."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bingham, E.C. (1922). Fluidity and plasticity, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02473663","article-title":"Flow and deformation of fresh concrete","volume":"17","author":"Murata","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9riaux et Construction"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Christensen, G. (1991). Modelling the Flow of Fresh Concrete: The Slump Test. [Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1122\/1.550780","article-title":"A fifty cent rheometer for yield stress measurement","volume":"40","author":"Pashias","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2003.08.005","article-title":"A generalized approach for the determination of yield stress by slump and slump flow","volume":"34","author":"Saak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.02.009","article-title":"Yield stress and viscosity equations for mortars and self-consolidating concrete","volume":"37","author":"Petit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0313-8","article-title":"Prediction of lateral form pressure exerted by concrete at low casting rates","volume":"48","author":"Perrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.05.025","article-title":"A thixotropy model for fresh fluid concretes: theory, validation and applications","volume":"36","author":"Roussel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0571-0","article-title":"Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques","volume":"49","author":"Perrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.16","article-title":"Digital concrete: opportunities and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Wangler","year":"2016","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.01.010","article-title":"Mechanical performance of wall structures in 3D printing processes: theory, design tools and experiments","volume":"137","author":"Suiker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.04.005","article-title":"Rheological requirements for printable concretes","volume":"112","author":"Roussel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.001","article-title":"Early age mechanical behaviour of 3D printed concrete: Numerical modelling and experimental testing","volume":"106","author":"Wolfs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.132","article-title":"Mechanical properties of structures 3D printed with cementitious powders","volume":"93","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nerella, V.N., Krause, M., N\u00e4ther, M., and Mechtcherine, V. (2016, January 2\u20133). Studying printability of fresh concrete for formwork free Concrete on-site 3D Printing technology (CONPrint3D). Proceedings of the 25th conference on rheology of building materials, Regensburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-005-9035-2","article-title":"Correlation between yield stress and slump: comparison between numerical simulations and concrete rheometers results","volume":"39","author":"Roussel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/4\/657\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:33:58Z","timestamp":1760186038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/4\/657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12040657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12040657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]]}}}