{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:58:47Z","timestamp":1778039927228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound energy is a green and economically viable alternative to conventional techniques for surface modification of materials. The main benefits of this technique are the decrease of processing time and the amount of energy used. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets were treated with organic acids under ultrasonic radiation of 350 W at different times (30 and 60 min) aiming to modify their surface with functional acid groups and to improve the adsorption of uremic toxins. The modified graphene nanoplatelets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT\u2013IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimum time for modification with organic acids was 30 min. The modified nanoplatelets were tested as adsorbent material for uremic toxins using the equilibrium isotherms where the adsorption isotherm of urea was adjusted for the Langmuir model. From the solution, 75% of uremic toxins were removed and absorbed by the modified nanoplatelets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12050715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Surface Modification of Graphene Nanoplatelets by Organic Acids and Ultrasonic Radiation for Enhance Uremic Toxins Adsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Andrade-Guel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Cabello-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Tecnol\u00f3gica y de Innovaci\u00f3n del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico"}]},{"given":"V. J.","family":"Cruz-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT-Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de Yucat\u00e1n, A.C., M\u00e9rida 97205, Mexico"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bartolo-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad M\u00e9rida, Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, M\u00e9rida 97310, Mexico"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"De Le\u00f3n-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Saltillo 25280,  Mexico"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"S\u00e1enz-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Saltillo 25280,  Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Cadenas-Pliego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. A.","family":"\u00c1vila-Orta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1886-2845(10)70004-7","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda de la insuficiencia renal cr\u00f3nica en M\u00e9xico","volume":"31","author":"Montes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Di\u00e1lisis y Trasplante"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291404","article-title":"The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"329","author":"Owen","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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