{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T16:14:47Z","timestamp":1776269687695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201807720005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201807720005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil","award":["201620\/2014-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201620\/2014-6"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the effects of viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) on the extrudability of limestone and calcined clay-based cementitious materials, three mix designs with different dosages of VMA were proposed in this study. The ram extrusion was utilized as an extrusion model for exploring the fresh properties of printable materials. Two methods were used, based on the ram extruder setup\u2014(a) extruding materials with the same extrusion speed at different rest times to determine how the pressure changes with time; (b) extruding materials with different extrusion speeds at the same rest time to investigate the material flow parameters using the Basterfield et al. model. The main findings of this study could be summarized as\u2014(1) the extrusion pressure of all mix designs exhibited an increasing trend with time. At the same tested age, the extrusion pressure under 0.25 mm\/s of piston speed was increased and the shape retention of the extruded filaments was enhanced by increasing the dosage of VMA; (2) the correlation between the experimental results and the Basterfield et al. model was excellent (R-squared value: 0.99). The mixture with a higher content of VMA showed an increased elongational yield stress, flow consistency, and shear yield stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12091374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1556506652000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["The Effect of Viscosity-Modifying Admixture on the Extrudability of Limestone and Calcined Clay-Based Cementitious Material for Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7945-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Chaves Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4688-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7a\u011flar","family":"Yal\u00e7inkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, Izmir 35390, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O\u011fuzhan","family":"\u00c7opuro\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Veer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Schlangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.07.034","article-title":"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology","volume":"93","author":"Cesaretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2018.03.004","article-title":"Materials and design concepts for space-resilient structures","volume":"98","author":"Naser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540310502248","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of industrial design models produced using rapid prototyping and workshop-based fabrication techniques","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"216","article-title":"Modelling curved-layered printing paths for fabricating large-scale construction components","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107651","article-title":"An approach to develop printable strain hardening cementitious composites","volume":"169","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Ahmed, Z.Y., Jutinov, E.R., and Salet, T.A.M. (2017). Experimental Exploration of Metal Cable as Reinforcement in 3D Printed Concrete. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10111314"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogura, H., Nerella, V.N., and Mechtcherine, V. (2018). Developing and Testing of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites (SHCC) in the Context of 3D-Printing. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081375"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.011","article-title":"The role of early age structural build-up in digital fabrication with concrete","volume":"112","author":"Reiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, H., Han, S.-J., Choi, S.-H., Lee, Y.J., Yi, S.T., and Kim, K.S. (2019). Rheological Property Criteria for Buildable 3D Printing Concrete. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12040657"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: Potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.112","article-title":"Design 3D printing cementitious materials via Fuller Thompson theory and Marson-Percy model","volume":"163","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.002","article-title":"Investigation of the rheology and strength of geopolymer mixtures for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"94","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Veer, F., Copuroglu, O., and Schlangen, E. Feasibility of Using Low CO2 Concrete Alternatives in Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing. Proceedings of the RILEM Bookseries;."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"167","article-title":"A Critical Review of 3D Concrete Printing as a Low CO2 Concrete Approach","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heron"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.08.017","article-title":"Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3)","volume":"114","author":"Scrivener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.02.015","article-title":"Development of a new rapid, relevant and reliable (R3) test method to evaluate the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays","volume":"85","author":"Avet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2012.09.006","article-title":"Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone","volume":"42","author":"Antoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.02.052","article-title":"Effect of replacement of silica fume with calcined clay on the hydration and microstructural development of eco-UHPFRC","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0571-0","article-title":"Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques","volume":"49","author":"Perrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.04.005","article-title":"Rheological requirements for printable concretes","volume":"112","author":"Roussel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.010","article-title":"Effect of hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose ether on rheology of cement paste plasticized by polycarboxylate superplasticizer","volume":"160","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.020","article-title":"Effect of viscosity modifier admixture on Portland cement paste hydration and microstructure","volume":"212","author":"Schlangen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.01.007","article-title":"Influence of cellulose ethers molecular parameters on hydration kinetics of Portland cement at early ages","volume":"33","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Z., Wang, X., Sanjayan, J., Zou, P.X., and Ding, Z.-K. (2018). A Feasibility Study on HPMC-Improved Sulphoaluminate Cement for 3D Printing. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122415"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.004","article-title":"Rheology of semi-solid fresh cement pastes and mortars in orifice extrusion","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2018.75","article-title":"Extrusion of cement-based materials - an overview","volume":"3","author":"Perrot","year":"2019","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.015","article-title":"Inline quantification of extrudability of cementitious materials for digital construction","volume":"95","author":"Nerella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(87)85036-4","article-title":"The extrusion mechanics of pastes\u2014the influence of paste formulation on extrusion parameters","volume":"42","author":"Benbow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2004.12.019","article-title":"On the interpretation of orifice extrusion data for viscoplastic materials","volume":"60","author":"Basterfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-012-0638-6","article-title":"Use of ram extruder as a combined rheo-tribometer to study the behaviour of high yield stress fluids at low strain rate","volume":"51","author":"Perrot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, Z., Figueiredo, S.C., Copuroglu, O., Veer, F., and Schlangen, E. (2019). Limestone and Calcined Clay-based Sustainable Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing A Fundamental Study of Extrudability and Early-age Strength Development. Appl. Sci., accepted for publication.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091809"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.005","article-title":"Electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties of cementitious composite for 3D printing containing waste copper solids","volume":"94","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(87)80035-0","article-title":"The influence of formulation on extrudate structure and strength","volume":"42","author":"Benbow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.014","article-title":"Hydration and rheology control of concrete for digital fabrication: Potential admixtures and cement chemistry","volume":"112","author":"Marchon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/9\/1374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:47:39Z","timestamp":1760186859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/9\/1374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12091374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12091374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]}}}