{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:44:04Z","timestamp":1777596244908,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-72-10144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-72-10144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTM-ENE\/6341\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-ENE\/6341\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT Ref. UID\/CTM\/50011\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT Ref. UID\/CTM\/50011\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this contribution, a correlative confocal Raman and scanning probe microscopy approach was implemented to find a relation between the composition, lithiation state, and functional electrochemical response in individual micro-scale particles of a LiMn2O4 spinel in a commercial Li battery cathode. Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) was implemented both at a low-frequency (3.5 kHz) and in a high-frequency range of excitation (above 400 kHz). It was shown that the high-frequency ESM has a significant cross-talk with topography due to a tip-sample electrostatic interaction, while the low-frequency ESM yields a response correlated with distributions of Li ions and electrochemically inactive phases revealed by the confocal Raman microscopy. Parasitic contributions into the electromechanical response from the local Joule heating and flexoelectric effect were considered as well and found to be negligible. It was concluded that the low-frequency ESM response directly corresponds to the confocal Raman microscopy data. The analysis implemented in this work is an important step towards the quantitative measurement of diffusion coefficients and ion concentration via strain-based scanning probe microscopy methods in a wide range of ionically active materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12091416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T03:15:22Z","timestamp":1556766922000},"page":"1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Correlative Confocal Raman and Scanning Probe Microscopy in the Ionically Active Particles of LiMn2O4 Cathodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Alikin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Slautin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Abramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Bosch GmbH, 70839 Gerlingen-Schillerhoehe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Shur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0098-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Tselev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics &amp; CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Kholkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics &amp; CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.03.063","article-title":"Consistency and Robustness of Forecasting for Emerging Technologies: The Case of Li-ion batteries for Electric Vehicles","volume":"106","author":"Sakti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelegov, D., and Pontes, J. 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