{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:52:12Z","timestamp":1773795132007,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NORTE 2020","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M-ERA-NET\/0022\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-ERA-NET\/0022\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/01285\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01285\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the past two decades, tissue engineering and the regenerative medicine field have invested in the regeneration and reconstruction of pathologically altered tissues, such as cartilage, bone, skin, heart valves, nerves and tendons, and many others. The 3D structured scaffolds and hydrogels alone or combined with bioactive molecules or genes and cells are able to guide the development of functional engineered tissues, and provide mechanical support during in vivo implantation. Naturally derived and synthetic polymers, bioresorbable inorganic materials, and respective hybrids, and decellularized tissue have been considered as scaffolding biomaterials, owing to their boosted structural, mechanical, and biological properties. A diversity of biomaterials, current treatment strategies, and emergent technologies used for 3D scaffolds and hydrogel processing, and the tissue-specific considerations for scaffolding for Tissue engineering (TE) purposes are herein highlighted and discussed in depth. The newest procedures focusing on the 3D behavior and multi-cellular interactions of native tissues for further use for in vitro model processing are also outlined. Completed and ongoing preclinical research trials for TE applications using scaffolds and hydrogels, challenges, and future prospects of research in the regenerative medicine field are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12111824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"1824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":431,"title":["Scaffolding Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Pina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Viviana P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina F.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F. Raquel","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago H.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J. Miguel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114257","article-title":"Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: History, progress, and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Berthiaume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069210","article-title":"Tissue engineering\u2014Current challenges and expanding opportunities","volume":"295","author":"Griffith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"38","article-title":"Drug delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"102","author":"Khademhosseini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X","article-title":"Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0695-565","article-title":"Biomaterials in tissue engineering","volume":"13","author":"Hubbell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2441","article-title":"Complexity in biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"8","author":"Place","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.08.041","article-title":"Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.042","article-title":"Smart biomaterials design for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"28","author":"Furth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9409","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09409","article-title":"The promotion of angiogenesis induced by three-dimensional porous beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold with different interconnection sizes via activation of PI3K\/Akt pathways","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2012.0437","article-title":"Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: Role of porosity and pore size","volume":"19","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","article-title":"Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.05.002","article-title":"In Vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.06.018","article-title":"Biocompatibility and degradation characteristics of PLGA-based electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with nanoapatite incorporation","volume":"33","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.03.001","article-title":"Natural polymers for gene delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"58","author":"Dang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.04.044","article-title":"Decellularized matrices in regenerative medicine","volume":"74","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2018.09.003","article-title":"Development of a demineralized and decellularized human epiphyseal bone scaffold for tissue engineering: A histological study","volume":"55","author":"Abedin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-191038","article-title":"Development of decellularized meniscus extracellular matrix and gelatin\/chitosan scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio-Med. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36622","article-title":"Evaluation of an elastic decellularized tendon-derived scaffold for the vascular tissue engineering application","volume":"107","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.10.011","article-title":"Decellularized bovine small intestinal submucosa-PCL\/hydroxyapatite-based multilayer composite scaffold for hard tissue repair","volume":"94","author":"Parmaksiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42627-7","article-title":"Blended electrospinning with human liver extracellular matrix for engineering new hepatic microenvironments","volume":"9","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15344","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b03242","article-title":"Aligned Brain Extracellular Matrix Promotes Differentiation and Myelination of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00339-9","article-title":"Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-796X(01)00035-3","article-title":"Polymeric biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Seal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-008-2527-z","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates cements for biomedical application","volume":"43","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1039\/b811392k","article-title":"Synthetic polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"38","author":"Place","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.10.086","article-title":"Development of solvent-casting particulate leaching (SCPL) polymer scaffolds as improved three-dimensional supports to mimic the bone marrow niche","volume":"96","author":"Sola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700598","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700598","article-title":"Freeze-Drying as a Novel Biofabrication Method for Achieving a Controlled Microarchitecture within Large, Complex Natural Biomaterial Scaffolds","volume":"6","author":"Brougham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.06.029","article-title":"Novel 3D porous biocomposite scaffolds fabricated by fused deposition modeling and gas foaming combined technology","volume":"152","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, T.S., and Chakrapani, V.Y. (2018). Electrospun 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. Cutting-Edge Enabling Technologies for Regenerative Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0950-2_3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2018.02.015","article-title":"PLA scaffolds production from Thermally Induced Phase Separation: Effect of process parameters and development of an environmentally improved route assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide","volume":"136","author":"Gay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600435","article-title":"Design and printing strategies in 3D bioprinting of cell-hydrogels: A review","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150115154059","article-title":"Application of 3D biomimetic models in drug delivery and regenerative medicine","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"179","article-title":"Evaluation of bioprinter technologies","volume":"13","author":"Ozbolat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/23808993.2016.1140004","article-title":"Current approaches and future perspectives on strategies for the development of personalized tissue engineering therapies","volume":"1","author":"Neves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Precis. Med. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.123","article-title":"A decade of progress in tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Khademhosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0385-9","article-title":"Engineering 3D models of tumors and bone to understand tumor-induced bone disease and improve treatments","volume":"15","author":"Kwakwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3266","article-title":"Polysaccharide biomaterials for drug delivery and regenerative engineering","volume":"25","author":"Shelke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4296-3","article-title":"Biopolymers: Applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering","volume":"45","author":"Sahana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3010509","article-title":"Biopolymers for Hard and Soft Engineered Tissues: Application in Odontoiatric and Plastic Surgery Field","volume":"3","author":"Bressan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.0220","article-title":"Natural origin biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Present status and some moving trends","volume":"4","author":"Mano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Nair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.03.012","article-title":"Natural\u2014Origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications","volume":"59","author":"Malafaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1260\/2040-2295.3.2.243","article-title":"Bioresorbable Plates and Screws for Clinical Applications: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Pina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00052-2","article-title":"Toxicity, biodegradation and elimination of polyanhydrides","volume":"54","author":"Katti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.587.255","article-title":"Gellan gum-based Hydrogel Bilayered Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering","volume":"587","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00132585-200609000-00002","article-title":"Biodegradable materials in arthroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Gunja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11116","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra00166k","article-title":"Bioactive ceramics: From bone grafts to tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Salinas","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022842404495","article-title":"Current state of the art of biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics","volume":"14","author":"Daculsi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(00)80022-4","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates in medicine: From ceramics to calcium phosphate cements","volume":"31","author":"Bohner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inj.-Int. J. Care Inj."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1179\/1743280412Y.0000000002","article-title":"Materials of marine origin: A review on polymers and ceramics of biomedical interest","volume":"57","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2006.11.099","article-title":"Calcium-phosphate derived from mineralized algae for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"61","author":"Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Lanza, R., Thomson, J.A., and Nerem, R. (2011). CHAPTER 32\u2014Natural Origin Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering\u2014Properties, Processing, and Performance A2\u2014Atala, Anthony. Principles of Regenerative Medicine, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31817","article-title":"Novel hydroxyapatite\/carboxymethylchitosan composite scaffolds prepared through an innovative \u201cautocatalytic\u201d electroless coprecipitation route","volume":"88","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.02.007","article-title":"Ex vivo culturing of stromal cells with dexamethasone-loaded carboxymethylchitosan\/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticles promotes ectopic bone formation","volume":"46","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2007.02117.x","article-title":"Ionic substitutions in biphasic hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate mixtures: Structural analysis by rietveld refinement","volume":"91","author":"Kannan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1021\/cm052567q","article-title":"Synthesis and mechanical performance of biological-like hydroxyapatites","volume":"18","author":"Kannan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Elliott, J.C. (1994). Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012500808010084","article-title":"Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite ceramics produced by low-temperature sintering after high-pressure treatment","volume":"418","author":"Fomin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dokl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3010519","article-title":"Brushite-Forming Mg-, Zn-and Sr-Substituted Bone Cements for Clinical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Pina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.12.027","article-title":"Silicon effect on the composition and structure of nanocalcium phosphates: In Vitro biocompatibility to human osteoblasts","volume":"37","author":"Tomoaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1039\/B414143A","article-title":"Silicon substituted hydroxyapatites. A method to upgrade calcium phosphate based implants","volume":"15","author":"Arcos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2894-x","article-title":"A silver ion-doped calcium phosphate-based ceramic nanopowder-coated prosthesis increased infection resistance","volume":"471","author":"Kose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"60","article-title":"Magnesium incorporation in apatites: Effect of CO3 and F","volume":"75","author":"LeGeros","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000469703","article-title":"Biofunctional ionic-doped calcium phosphates\u2014Silk fibroin composites for bone tissue engineering scaffolding","volume":"204","author":"Pina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.11.021","article-title":"Silicon-stabilized \u03b1-tricalcium phosphate and its use in a calcium phosphate cement: Characterization and cell response","volume":"8","author":"Mestres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v020a14","article-title":"Biological responses of brushite-forming Zn-and ZnSr-substituted \u03b2-TCP bone cements","volume":"20","author":"Pina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-36162012000200002","article-title":"Novas superf\u00edcies em artroplastia total do quadril","volume":"47","author":"Schwartsmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Ortop."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.73379","article-title":"Dental ceramics: An update","volume":"13","author":"Shenoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3063700","article-title":"Properties and Clinical Application of Three Types of Dental Glass-Ceramics and Ceramics for CAD-CAM Technologies","volume":"3","author":"Ritzberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2019, April 15). Available online: https:\/\/ceramics.org\/ceramic-tech-today\/biomaterials\/glass-scaffolds-help-heal-bone."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb4040209","article-title":"Self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations","volume":"4","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2020399","article-title":"Calcium Orthophosphates in Nature, Biology and Medicine","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2018.03.001","article-title":"Bioactive inorganic\/organic nanocomposites for wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.03.001","article-title":"Composite electrospun gelatin fiber-alginate gel scaffolds for mechanically robust tissue engineered cornea","volume":"21","author":"Tonsomboon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2004.10.004","article-title":"Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering: Challenges and potential","volume":"22","author":"Yeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Gaharwar, A.K., Schexnailder, P.J., and Schmidt, G. (2011). Nanocomposite Polymer Biomaterials for Tissue Repair of Bone and Cartilage: A Material Science Perspective. Nanomaterials Handbook, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(81)90050-8","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethelene\u2014A mechanically compatible implant material for bone replacement","volume":"2","author":"Bonfield","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34957","article-title":"Hybrid hyaluronic acid hydrogel\/poly (varepsilon-caprolactone) scaffold provides mechanically favorable platform for cartilage tissue engineering studies","volume":"102","author":"Mintz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3938-3","article-title":"Osteogenic activity of MG63 cells on bone-like hydroxyapatite\/collagen nanocomposite sponges","volume":"21","author":"Yoshida","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/039139881003300204","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a laminated hydroxyapatite\/gelatin nanocomposite scaffold with controlled pore structure for bone tissue engineering","volume":"33","author":"Azami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911513503538","article-title":"De novo bone formation on macro\/microporous silk and silk\/nano-sized calcium phosphate scaffolds","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/8\/2\/025002","article-title":"In Vitro evaluation of biomimetic chitosan-calcium phosphate scaffolds with potential application in bone tissue engineering","volume":"8","author":"Tanase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.04.008","article-title":"Direct deposited porous scaffolds of calcium phosphate cement with alginate for drug delivery and bone tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100335","article-title":"Characterization of a hierarchical network of hyaluronic acid\/gelatin composite for use as a smart injectable biomaterial","volume":"12","author":"Heris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"15","article-title":"Gellan gum\u2014hydroxyapatite composite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.08.032","article-title":"Electrospun nanosilicates-based organic\/inorganic nanofibers for potential bone tissue engineering","volume":"172","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.09.014","article-title":"Growth, differentiation, transplantation and survival of human skeletal myofibers on biodegradable scaffolds","volume":"29","author":"Thorrez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(96)00088-9","article-title":"Phase separation processes in polymer solutions in relation to membrane formation","volume":"117","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, J.M., and Reis, R.L. (2017). Rapid Prototyping for the Engineering of Osteochondral Tissues. Regenerative Strategies for the Treatment of Knee Joint Disabilities, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44785-8"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Oliveira, A.L., Sampaio, S.C., Sousa, R.A., and Reis, R.L. (October, January 27). Controlled mineralization of nature-inspired silk fibroin\/hydroxyapatite hybrid bioactive scafolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Biomaterials, Nantes, France."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.10.021","article-title":"Bilayered silk\/silk-nanoCaP scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo assessment of biological performance","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.09.037","article-title":"Macro\/microporous silk fibroin scaffolds with potential for articular cartilage and meniscus tissue engineering applications","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"577","article-title":"Fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds using rapid prototyping techniques","volume":"59","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-4957-7","article-title":"Novel biomimetic hydroxyapatite\/alginate nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Chae","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(14)60106-2","article-title":"A novel nano\/micro-fibrous scaffold by melt-spinning method for bone tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.10.053","article-title":"Supercritical fluid assisted process for the generation of cellulose acetate loaded structures, potentially useful for tissue engineering applications","volume":"59","author":"Cardea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.07.034","article-title":"Novel hydroxyapatite\/chitosan bilayered scaffold for osteochondral tissue-engineering applications: Scaffold design and its performance when seeded with goat bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"27","author":"Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-018-0017-y","article-title":"Current advances in solid free-form techniques for osteochondral tissue engineering","volume":"1","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio-Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Grigalevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, G., Baltriukien\u0117, D., Bal\u010di\u016bnas, E., Jonu\u0161auskas, L., and Malinauskas, M. (February, January 27). Fabrication of flexible microporous 3D scaffolds via stereolithography and optimization of their biocompatibility. Proceedings of the SPIE OPTO, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.07.054","article-title":"Novel polysaccharide hybrid scaffold loaded with hydroxyapatite: Fabrication, bioactivity, and In Vivo study","volume":"93","author":"Tohamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32213","article-title":"Macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: Physicochemical characterization and assessment of rat bone marrow stromal cell viability","volume":"91","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Costa, J.B., Silva-Correia, J., Ribeiro, V.P., da Silva Morais, A., Oliveira, J.M., and Reis, R.L. (2018). Engineering patient-specific bioprinted constructs for treatment of degenerated intervertebral disc. Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.03.047","article-title":"Combinatory approach for developing silk fibroin scaffolds for cartilage regeneration","volume":"72","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM00073E","article-title":"Development of non-orthogonal 3D-printed scaffolds to enhance their osteogenic performance","volume":"6","author":"Fonseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diogo, G.S., L\u00f3pez-Senra, E.L., Pirraco, R.P., Canadas, R.F., Fernandes, E.M., Serra, J., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00edn, R.I., Sotelo, C.G., Marques, A.P., and Gonz\u00e1lez, P. (2018). Marine Collagen\/Apatite Composite Scaffolds Envisaging Hard Tissue Applications. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16080269"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.01.037","article-title":"Decellularized caprine liver-derived biomimetic and pro-angiogenic scaffolds for liver tissue engineering","volume":"98","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Wu, Y.H.A., Chiu, Y.C., Lin, Y.H., Ho, C.C., Shie, M.Y., and Chen, Y.W. (2019). 3D-Printed Bioactive Calcium Silicate\/Poly-epsilon-Caprolactone Bioscaffolds Modified with Biomimetic Extracellular Matrices for Bone Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5735-0","article-title":"The characterization of decellularized human skeletal muscle as a blueprint for mimetic scaffolds","volume":"27","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.08.003","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of biomaterials","volume":"93","author":"Bose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.11.034","article-title":"3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B: Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1021\/la0257135","article-title":"Colloidal Inks for Directed Assembly of 3-D Periodic Structures","volume":"18","author":"Smay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, A., and Bose, S. (2019, May 01). Additive Manufacturing. Available online: http:\/\/www.crcnetbase.com\/isbn\/9781482223590."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(03)00586-7","article-title":"Control of the viscous behavior of highly concentrated mullite suspensions for robocasting","volume":"142","author":"Stuecker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2006.02.004","article-title":"Sintering and robocasting of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for orthopaedic applications","volume":"2","author":"Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31726","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of novel nano-and micro-HA\/PCL composite scaffolds using a modified rapid prototyping process","volume":"89","author":"Heo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.05.024","article-title":"Improving the compressive strength of bioceramic robocast scaffolds by polymer infiltration","volume":"6","author":"Perera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.08.018","article-title":"Biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds fabricated by direct write assembly: Mechanical, anti-microbial and osteoblastic properties","volume":"37","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074","article-title":"The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants","volume":"34","author":"Goodman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.09.050","article-title":"Novel sintering-free scaffolds obtained by additive manufacturing for concurrent bone regeneration and drug delivery: Proof of concept","volume":"94","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201800025","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Beta Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Porcine-Derived Decellularized Bone Extracellular Matrix in 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffold on Bone Regeneration","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.11.030","article-title":"Biomaterials-based 3D cell printing for next-generation therapeutics and diagnostics","volume":"156","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.05.048","article-title":"Three dimensional cell printing with sulfated alginate for improved bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivery and osteogenesis in bone tissue engineering","volume":"196","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.12.018","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of alginate-gelatin hydrogels for 3D bioprinting","volume":"79","author":"Giuseppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003","article-title":"Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1039\/c3bm00012e","article-title":"Bio-ink properties and printability for extrusion printing living cells","volume":"1","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.09.002","article-title":"Collagen-alginate as bioink for three-dimensional (3D) cell printing based cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.105","article-title":"Development of a tannic acid cross-linking process for obtaining 3D porous cell-laden collagen structure","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03455-9","article-title":"An innovative cell-laden \u03b1-TCP\/collagen scaffold fabricated using a two-step printing process for potential application in regenerating hard tissues","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.07.020","article-title":"3D porous collagen\/functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube\/chitosan\/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"92","author":"Ipek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.06.004","article-title":"Shape-memory collagen scaffold for enhanced cartilage regeneration: Native collagen versus denatured collagen","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8605","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b01219","article-title":"Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Nano-biomimetic Collagen Hybrid Constructs for Skin Tissue Engineering","volume":"3","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46537","article-title":"Fabrication of porous three-dimensional fibroin structures through a freezing process","volume":"135","author":"Kolahreez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.18063\/IJB.2017.01.005","article-title":"3D bioprinting of stem cells and polymer\/bioactive glass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprint."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044103","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa91ec","article-title":"Bone matrix production in hydroxyapatite-modified hydrogels suitable for bone bioprinting","volume":"9","author":"Wenz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.11.013","article-title":"Fabrication of micro\/nanoporous collagen\/dECM\/silk-fibroin biocomposite scaffolds using a low temperature 3D printing process for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"84","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00333","article-title":"Regeneration of the Osteochondral Defect by a Wollastonite and Macroporous Fibrin Biphasic Scaffold","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.021","article-title":"Selective laser sintering scaffold with hierarchical architecture and gradient composition for osteochondral repair in rabbits","volume":"137","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.05.086","article-title":"Fabrication of novel bioactive hydroxyapatite-chitosan-silica hybrid scaffolds: Combined the sol-gel method with 3D plotting technique","volume":"197","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"13","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of zein scaffolds containing silver-doped bioactive glass","volume":"13","author":"Waly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00521","article-title":"Poly (epsilon-caprolactone)\/Hydroxyapatite 3D Honeycomb Scaffolds for a Cellular Microenvironment Adapted to Maxillofacial Bone Reconstruction","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Zadehnajar, P., Akbari, B., Karbasi, S., and Mirmusavi, M.H. (2019). Preparation and characterization of poly \u03b5-caprolactone-gelatin\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrospun scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater., 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109768","article-title":"Smart electrospun nanofibers containing PCL\/gelatin\/graphene oxide for application in nerve tissue engineering","volume":"103","author":"Heidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33966","article-title":"Collagen-coated nano-electrospun PCL seeded with human endometrial stem cells for skin tissue engineering applications","volume":"106","author":"Sharif","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.11.108","article-title":"Bredigite Reinforced Electrospun Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"7","author":"Kouhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.04.158","article-title":"Lactic acid assisted fabrication of bioactive three-dimensional PLLA\/beta-TCP fibrous scaffold for biomedical application","volume":"347","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2019.02.023","article-title":"Electrospun polycaprolactone\/silk fibroin nanofibrous bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"168","author":"Nazeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.07.042","article-title":"Fabrication of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with 3D controllable geometric shapes","volume":"157","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da, H., Jia, S.J., Meng, G.L., Cheng, J.H., Zhou, W., Xiong, Z., Mu, Y.J., and Liu, J. (2013). The impact of compact layer in biphasic scaffold on osteochondral tissue engineering. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054838"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731418768285","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731418768285","article-title":"Emerging properties of hydrogels in tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011","article-title":"3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues","volume":"34","author":"Mandrycky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201500677","article-title":"Controlling shear stress in 3D bioprinting is a key factor to balance printing resolution and stem cell integrity","volume":"5","author":"Blaeser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2217\/3dp-2018-0008","article-title":"3D human skin bioprinting: A view from the bio side","volume":"2","author":"Velasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashammakhi, N., Hasan, A., Kaarela, O., Byambaa, B., Sheikhi, A., Gaharwar, A.K., and Khademhosseini, A. (2019). Advancing Frontiers in Bone Bioprinting. Adv. Healthc. Mater.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801048"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.006","article-title":"Multiscale bioprinting of vascularized models","volume":"198","author":"Miri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roseti, L., Cavallo, C., Desando, G., Parisi, V., Petretta, M., Bartolotti, I., and Grigolo, B. (2018). Three-dimensional bioprinting of cartilage by the use of stem cells: A strategy to improve regeneration. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11091749"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-017-0258-x","article-title":"Applications of bioengineered 3D tissue and tumor organoids in drug development and precision medicine: Current and future","volume":"32","author":"Devarasetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2017-000234","article-title":"3D printing materials and their use in medical education: A review of current technology and trends for the future","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Simul. Technol. Enhanc. Learn."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700605","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700605","article-title":"Programmable hydrogels for cell encapsulation and neo-tissue growth to enable personalized tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Bryant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.08.013","article-title":"Injectable carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels for soft tissue filler applications","volume":"10","author":"Varma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smart hydrogels for 3D bioprinting","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprinting"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b21259","article-title":"Enzymatically crosslinked silk fibroin-based hierarchical scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700927","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700927","article-title":"Structured Macroporous Hydrogels: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhandayuthapani, B., Yoshida, Y., Maekawa, T., and Kumar, D.S. (2011). Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: A review. Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/290602"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00340-5","article-title":"Hydrogels for tissue engineering: Scaffold design variables and applications","volume":"24","author":"Drury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.3390\/polym4031590","article-title":"Hydrogel-based platforms for the regeneration of osteochondral tissue and intervertebral disc","volume":"4","author":"Guarino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3031746","article-title":"Injectable, biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications","volume":"3","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00175-8","article-title":"Photopolymerizable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/2\/4\/001","article-title":"Thermal gelation and tissue adhesion of biomimetic hydrogels","volume":"2","author":"Burke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.06.044","article-title":"Silk hydrogels from non-mulberry and mulberry silkworm cocoons processed with ionic liquids","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1021\/bm800874q","article-title":"Novel genipin-cross-linked chitosan\/silk fibroin sponges for cartilage engineering strategies","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.10.088","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with different hydrolysis degree and chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde","volume":"28","author":"Mansur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.05.017","article-title":"Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications: A seven-year update","volume":"97","author":"Klouda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.01.139","article-title":"A chitosan\/\u03b2-glycerophosphate thermo-sensitive gel for the delivery of ellagic acid for the treatment of brain cancer","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm00041h","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive chitosan-starch injectable hydrogels combined with encapsulated adipose-derived stromal cells for articular cartilage regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Caridade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33894","article-title":"Bone extracellular matrix hydrogel enhances osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts and mouse primary calvarial cells","volume":"106","author":"Alom","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.08.033","article-title":"Injectable chitosan hyaluronic acid hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aaad77","article-title":"Effects of tissue processing on bioactivity of cartilage matrix-based hydrogels encapsulating osteoconductive particles","volume":"13","author":"Townsend","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.08.047","article-title":"The use of injectable sonication-induced silk hydrogel for VEGF165 and BMP-2 delivery for elevation of the maxillary sinus floor","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b01211","article-title":"Cartilage Regeneration in Preannealed Silk Elastin-Like Co-Recombinamers Injectable Hydrogel Embedded with Mature Chondrocytes in an Ex Vivo Culture Platform","volume":"19","author":"Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Kaplan, D.L., and Yucel, T. (2011). Vortex-Induced Silk Fibroin Gelation for Encapsulation and Delivery. (WO2011005381A2), Google Patent."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.12.023","article-title":"Lyophilized silk fibroin hydrogels for the sustained local delivery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies","volume":"32","author":"Guziewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-005-3426-7","article-title":"Role of pH and charge on silk protein assembly in insects and spiders","volume":"82","author":"Foo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.01.016","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of photocrosslinkable gelatin and silk fibroin interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.12.038","article-title":"Intermolecular interactions between natural polysaccharides and silk fibroin protein","volume":"93","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0345460","article-title":"Structure and properties of silk hydrogels","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.10.067","article-title":"Enzyme-catalyzed crosslinkable hydrogels: Emerging strategies for tissue engineering","volume":"33","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31037","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31037","article-title":"Tumor growth suppression induced by biomimetic silk fibroin hydrogels","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, V.P., Silva-Correia, J., Gon\u00e7alves, C., Pina, S., Radhouani, H., Montonen, T., Hyttinen, J., Roy, A., Oliveira, A.L., and Reis, R.L. (2018). Rapidly responsive silk fibroin hydrogels as an artificial matrix for the programmed tumor cells death. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194441"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/3dp-2018-0006","article-title":"Recent advances on 3D printing of patient-specific implants for fibrocartilage tissue regeneration","volume":"2","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10060-3","article-title":"In Situ repair of bone and cartilage defects using 3D scanning and 3D printing","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701021","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701021","article-title":"Fast Setting Silk Fibroin Bioink for Bioprinting of Patient-Specific Memory-Shape Implants","volume":"6","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4544","article-title":"Biomimetic 4D printing","volume":"15","author":"Gladman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.20411","article-title":"Biomimetic gradient hydrogels for tissue engineering","volume":"88","author":"Sant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400573g","article-title":"Engineering anisotropic biomimetic fibrocartilage microenvironment by bioprinting mesenchymal stem cells in nanoliter gel droplets","volume":"11","author":"Gurkan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34420","article-title":"3D bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate\/gelatin hydrogels","volume":"101","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.08.071","article-title":"Patterning human stem cells and endothelial cells with laser printing for cardiac regeneration","volume":"32","author":"Gaebel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305506","article-title":"3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs","volume":"26","author":"Kolesky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035003","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/7\/3\/035003","article-title":"A 3D bioprinted complex structure for engineering the muscle\u2013tendon unit","volume":"7","author":"Merceron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2007.09.001","article-title":"Superporous hydrogels for cartilage repair: Evaluation of the morphological and mechanical properties","volume":"4","author":"Spiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.002","article-title":"The tensile properties of alginate hydrogels","volume":"25","author":"Drury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0639","article-title":"Controlling the porosity and microarchitecture of hydrogels for tissue engineering","volume":"16","author":"Annabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B: Rev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.09.020","article-title":"Effect of pore size on ECM secretion and cell growth in gelatin scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Lien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800186","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800186","article-title":"Tunable Enzymatically Cross-Linked Silk Fibroin Tubular Conduits for Guided Tissue Regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804148","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804148","article-title":"Biochemical Gradients to Generate 3D Heterotypic-Like Tissues with Isotropic and Anisotropic Architectures","volume":"28","author":"Canadas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.055","article-title":"Tunable anisotropic networks for 3-D oriented neural tissue models","volume":"181","author":"Canadas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.11.022","article-title":"Hydrogels in calcium phosphate moldable and injectable bone substitutes: Sticky excipients or advanced 3-D carriers?","volume":"9","author":"Eglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/12\/4\/045003","article-title":"Control of the pore architecture in three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds","volume":"12","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1677","article-title":"Microwave-assisted fabrication of chitosan\u2013hydroxyapatite superporous hydrogel composites as bone scaffolds","volume":"9","author":"Durukan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.06.013","article-title":"Hydrogel\/bioactive glass composites for bone regeneration applications: Synthesis and characterisation","volume":"33","author":"Killion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.03.025","article-title":"Preparation of collagen\/hydroxyapatite\/alendronate hybrid hydrogels as potential scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"143","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34754","article-title":"Gelation and biocompatibility of injectable Alginate\u2013Calcium phosphate gels for bone regeneration","volume":"102","author":"Both","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0038-y","article-title":"Bioactive stratified polymer ceramic-hydrogel scaffold for integrative osteochondral repair","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.200","article-title":"Injectable Polysaccharide Hydrogel Embedded Hydroxyapatite Calcium Carbonate Drug Delivery Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"118","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.07.015","article-title":"Cartilage tissue formation through assembly of microgels containing mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.07.035","article-title":"Mechanical and biological performance of printed alginate\/methylcellulose\/halloysite nanotube\/polyvinylidene fluoride bio-scaffolds","volume":"92","author":"Zineh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kankala, R.K., Lu, F.J., Liu, C.G., Zhang, S.S., Chen, A.Z., and Wang, S.B. (2018). Effect of Icariin on Engineered 3D-Printed Porous Scaffolds for Cartilage Repair. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081390"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duin, S., Sch\u00fctz, K., Ahlfeld, T., Lehmann, S., Lode, A., Ludwig, B., and Gelinsky, M. (2019). 3D Bioprinting of Functional Islets of Langerhans in an Alginate\/Methylcellulose Hydrogel Blend. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 1801631.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801631"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.093","article-title":"Biocompatible silk\/calcium silicate\/sodium alginate composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"199","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02593","article-title":"Fabrication and in Vitro Evaluation of Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds Based on Gelatin\/PCL\u2013PEG\u2013PCL for Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"4","author":"Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26741","article-title":"Evaluation of encapsulating and microporous nondegradable hydrogel scaffold designs on islet engraftment in rodent models of diabetes","volume":"115","author":"Rios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00812","article-title":"A Bioinspired Scaffold with Anti-Inflammatory Magnesium Hydroxide and Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Renal Tissue Regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Lih","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.10.15","article-title":"TruFit CB\u00ae bone plug: Chondral repair, scaffold design, surgical technique and early experiences","volume":"7","author":"Melton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med Devices"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.11.014","article-title":"A novel nano-composite multi-layered biomaterial for treatment of osteochondral lesions: Technique note and an early stability pilot clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Kon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_224","unstructured":"(2014, November 25). Bioresorbable, Acellular, Biphasic Scaffold Gets EU Approval for Knee Cartilage Repair. Available online: https:\/\/www.medgadget.com\/2010\/02\/bioresorbable_acellular_biphasic_scaffold_gets_eu_approval_for_knee_cartilage_repair.html."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2013.03.002","article-title":"Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Using the Chondrofix Implant","volume":"21","author":"Gomoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/2\/022003","article-title":"Clinical applications of decellularized extracellular matrices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"11","author":"Parmaksiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2011.11.001","article-title":"Structural integrity of collagen and elastin in SynerGraft\u00ae decellularized\u2013cryopreserved human heart valves","volume":"64","author":"Gerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.01.046","article-title":"Evaluation of Surgisis for patch repair of abdominal wall defects in children","volume":"47","author":"Beres","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Surg."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/11\/1824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:56:18Z","timestamp":1760187378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/11\/1824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"references-count":228,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12111824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12111824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]}}}