{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:02:53Z","timestamp":1773378173492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-chromium white cast-iron specimens locally reinforced with TiC\u2013metal matrix composites were successfully produced via an in situ technique based on combustion synthesis. Powder mixtures of Ti, Al, and graphite were prepared and compressed to fabricate green powder compacts that were inserted into the mold cavity before the casting. The heat of the molten iron causes the ignition of the combustion reaction of the reactant powders, resulting in the formation of the TiC by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The microstructure of the resultant composites and the bonding interfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microstructural results showed a good adhesion of the composite, suggesting an effective infiltration of the metal into the inserted compact, yet a non-homogeneous distribution of the TiC in the martensite matrix was observed. Based on the results, the in situ synthesis appears to be a great potential technique for industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T11:55:07Z","timestamp":1578052507000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microstructural Characterization of TiC\u2013White Cast-Iron Composites Fabricated by In Situ Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida B.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEMMPRE - Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo O.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FERESPE - Fundi\u00e7\u00e3o de Ferro e A\u00e7o Lda., Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, 4760-485 Fradelos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura M. M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana M. P.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS - Center for MicroElectroMechanics Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEMMPRE - Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-997-0267-3","article-title":"Solidification structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium white irons","volume":"28","author":"Hawk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.45.1658","article-title":"An unusual structure of an as-cast 30% Cr alloy white iron","volume":"45","author":"Wiengmoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1179\/174313309X436637","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of high chromium cast irons: Effect of heat treatments and alloying additions","volume":"22","author":"Karantzalis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cast Met. 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