{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:06:36Z","timestamp":1777363596498,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesian Ministry for Research, Technology and Higher Education Overseas Collaboration Research Fund","award":["436.11\/I1.C08\/PL-DIKTI\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["436.11\/I1.C08\/PL-DIKTI\/2018"]}]},{"name":"United Kingdom\u2019s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Doctoral Training in Regenerative Medicine","award":["EP\/L014904\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L014904\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrostimulation and electroactive scaffolds can positively influence and guide cellular behaviour and thus has been garnering interest as a key tissue engineering strategy. The development of conducting polymers such as polyaniline enables the fabrication of conductive polymeric composite scaffolds. In this study, we report on the initial development of a polycaprolactone scaffold incorporating different weight loadings of a polyaniline microparticle filler. The scaffolds are fabricated using screw-assisted extrusion-based 3D printing and are characterised for their morphological, mechanical, conductivity, and preliminary biological properties. The conductivity of the polycaprolactone scaffolds increases with the inclusion of polyaniline. The in vitro cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed using human adipose-derived stem cells to determine cell viability and proliferation up to 21 days. A cytotoxicity threshold was reached at 1% wt. polyaniline loading. Scaffolds with 0.1% wt. polyaniline showed suitable compressive strength (6.45 \u00b1 0.16 MPa) and conductivity (2.46 \u00b1 0.65 \u00d7 10\u22124 S\/cm) for bone tissue engineering applications and demonstrated the highest cell viability at day 1 (88%) with cytocompatibility for up to 21 days in cell culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1579691877000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["3D Printing of Polycaprolactone\u2013Polyaniline Electroactive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Arie","family":"Wibowo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10,  Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cian","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Fitriyatul","family":"Qulub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10,  Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Rochim","family":"Suratman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10,  Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1424-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi Isra","family":"Mahyuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Design Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10,  Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Tatacipta","family":"Dirgantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lightweight Structure Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10,  Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.03.011","article-title":"Biomimetic conducting polymer-based tissue scaffolds","volume":"24","author":"Hardy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2013.806544","article-title":"Electrically Conducting Polymer-Based Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. 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