{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1774428207530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIBA-2018-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBA-2018-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019, UID\/EEA\/04436\/2013 and UID\/QUI\/0686\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019, UID\/EEA\/04436\/2013 and UID\/QUI\/0686\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were incorporated into poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to tailor the mechanical and dielectric properties of this electroactive polymer. PVDF\/CNC nanocomposites with concentrations up to 15 wt.% were prepared by solvent-casting followed by quick vacuum drying in order to ensure the formation of the electroactive \u03b3-phase. The changes induced by the presence of CNCs on the morphology of PVDF and its crystalline structure, thermal properties, mechanical performance and dielectric behavior are explored. The results suggest a relevant role of the CNC surface \u2212OH groups, which interact with PVDF fluorine atoms. The real dielectric constant \u03b5\u2019 of nanocomposites at 200 Hz was found to increase by 3.6 times up to 47 for the 15 wt.% CNC nanocomposite due to an enhanced ionic conductivity provided by CNCs. The approach reported here in order to boost the formation of the \u03b3-phase of PVDF upon the incorporation of CNCs serves to further develop cellulose-based multifunctional materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T03:13:27Z","timestamp":1581045207000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Electroactive \u03b3-Phase, Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties and High Ionic Conductivity Response of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)\/Cellulose Nanocrystal Hybrid Nanocomposites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erlantz","family":"Lizundia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Bilbao Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ander","family":"Reizabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Maceiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.006","article-title":"Electroactive phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Determination, processing and applications","volume":"39","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. 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