{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T01:27:39Z","timestamp":1775179659125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Spain, Ministry of Science, Development and Universities","award":["DPI2015-64047-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2015-64047-R"]}]},{"name":"Government of Spain, Ministry of Science, Development and Universities","award":["PGC2018-095508-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-095508-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"IDMEC - Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["UID\/EMS\/50022\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EMS\/50022\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By proposing an adaptation of the methodology usually used in metal forming, this paper aims to provide a general procedure for determining the forming limits, by necking and fracture, of polymeric sheet. The experimental work was performed by means of Nakajima specimens with different geometries to allow to obtain strains in the tensile, plane, biaxial and equibiaxial states for Polycarbonate sheet with 1 mm of thickness. The application of the time-dependent and flat-valley approaches used in metals has been revealed appropriate to characterize the onset of necking and obtain the forming limits of polycarbonate, despite the stable necking propagation typical of polymeric sheets. An analysis of the evolution of the strain paths along a section perpendicular to the crack allowed for a deeper understanding of the steady necking propagation behaviour and the adoption of the methodology of metals to polymers. The determination of the fracture strains was enhanced with the consideration of the principal strains of the DIC system in the last stage, just before fracture, due to the significant elastic recovery typical of polymeric sheets. As a result of this analysis, accurate formability limits by necking and fracture are obtained for polycarbonate sheet, together with the principal strain space, providing a general framework for analysing incremental sheet forming processes where the knowledge of the fracture limits is relevant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13040928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["On the Determination of Forming Limits in Polycarbonate Sheets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Rosa-Sainz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3684-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Centeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatriz","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4341-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Andr\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6132-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s Jesus","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Donaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5903-1336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carpoforo","family":"Vallellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Strong, A.B. 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