{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:04:28Z","timestamp":1760295868835,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of fullerene side chain functionalization with thiophene and carbazole groups on the device properties of bulk-heterojunction polymer:fullerene solar cells is discussed through a systematic investigation of material blends consisting of the conjugated polymer poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3\u2034-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2\u2032;5\u2032,2\u2033;5\u2033,2\u2034-quaterthiophen-5,5\u2034-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD) as donor and C60 or C70 fulleropyrrolidines as acceptors. The photovoltaic performance clearly depended on the molecular structure of the fulleropyrrolidine substituents although no direct correlation with the surface morphology of the photoactive layer, as determined by atomic force microscopy, could be established. Although some fulleropyrrolidines possess favorable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, when compared to the standard PC71BM, they originated OPV cells with inferior efficiencies than PC71BM-based reference cells. Fulleropyrrolidines based on C60 produced, in general, better devices than those based on C70, and we attribute this observation to the detrimental effect of the structural and energetic disorder that is present in the regioisomer mixtures of C70-based fullerenes, but absent in the C60-based fullerenes. These results provide new additional knowledge on the effect of the fullerene functionalization on the efficiency of organic solar cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13061267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T04:13:57Z","timestamp":1583986437000},"page":"1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thiophene- and Carbazole-Substituted N-Methyl-Fulleropyrrolidine Acceptors in PffBT4T-2OD Based Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7063-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC\/i3N\u2014Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800\u2013058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3685-9736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QOPNA &amp; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Struty\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Melle-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dzmitry","family":"Ivanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200\u2013465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. C.","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QOPNA &amp; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, n1, 1049\u2013001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169\u2013007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5482-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and i3N\u2014Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e9lio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200\u2013465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J\u00falio C.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC\/i3N\u2014Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800\u2013058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200\u2013465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inganas, O. 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