{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:21:26Z","timestamp":1775708486079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01425\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01425\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While TiO2 nanoparticles have shown potential as photocatalysts in the degradation of organic contaminants, their inability to absorb efficiently visible light has limited their industrial application. One strategy for solving this problem is monodoping TiO2 photocatalysts with transition metals, which has worked in the degradation of several pollutants. However, it is not clear if this improvement is enough to offset the potential environmental impacts of adding metal ions to the synthesis of TiO2. Herein, we have used Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to determine the sustainability of monodoping TiO2 with transition metals (Fe, Co, Mn and Ni, with a 1% weight ratio) to enhance the photocatalytic properties of the photocatalyst toward the degradation of Carbamazepine and Methyl Orange, under UV-A and visible light irradiation. We found that the addition of transition-metals has no significant effect on the environmental impacts associated with the synthesis of TiO2, when a weight-based functional unit was considered. However, when photocatalytic activity was considered, major differences were found. Thus, our results demonstrate that the sustainability of monodoping with different transition metals is solely determined by their ability to enhance (or not) the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Our data also demonstrated that isopropyl alcohol constitutes a critical point in the synthesis of TiO2 photocatalysts, with ethanol being a potential substitute.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1585141847000},"page":"1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Life Cycle Assessment of the Sustainability of Enhancing the Photodegradation Activity of TiO2 with Metal-Doping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C.G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environmental and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pinto da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environmental and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.08.105","article-title":"Intermediate state created by dopant ions (Mn, Co and Zr) into TiO2 nanoparticles for degradation of dyes under visible light","volume":"223","author":"Gnanasekaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.060","article-title":"Amino grafted MCM-41 as highly efficient and reversible ecofriendly adsorbent material for the Direct Blue removal from wastewater","volume":"273","author":"Rizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzi, V., Romanazzi, F., Gubitosa, J., Fini, P., Romita, R., Agostiano, A., Petrella, A., and Cosma, P. (2019). 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