{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:46:56Z","timestamp":1760237216268,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Strategic Projects UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019, UIDB\/04539\/2020, UIDP\/04539\/2020 (CIBB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Strategic Projects UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019, UIDB\/04539\/2020, UIDP\/04539\/2020 (CIBB)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE-FEDER 375 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE-FEDER 375 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tooth whitening procedures are increasing; however, side effects can occur, such as damage to pulp cells, by the whitening products. This study aims to assess the cellular effects promoted by a whitening product, namely, the oxidative stress fostered by the active agent hydrogen peroxide, with and without photoactivation. Additionally, if cellular recovery occurred, we intended to determine the time point where cells recover from the tooth whitening induced damage. Human fibroblasts were exposed to hydrogen peroxide, Zoom\u00ae, Zoom\u00ae + irradiation, and irradiation alone. The following analysis was performed: metabolic activity evaluation by the MTT assay; cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, peroxides production, superoxide radical production, and reduced glutathione expression by flow cytometry. We determined the IC50 value for all groups, and a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect was verified. At the times analyzed, hydrogen peroxide groups showed no metabolic activity recovery while a cell recovery was observed after 24 h (Zoom\u00ae) and 48 h (Zoom\u00ae + irradiation). Cell death was seen in hydrogen peroxide and Zoom\u00ae + irradiation groups, mainly by apoptosis, and the irradiation had a cytotoxic effect per se. This in vitro study supports that whitening products with moderate hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentration have a temporary effect on cells, allowing a cellular recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1585141847000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cytotoxic Effects of Zoom\u00ae Whitening Product in Human Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Miguel","family":"Marto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Laranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 300-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 300-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Casalta-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Center, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and Universitary Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Bela","family":"Sarmento-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and Universitary Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5968-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Marques","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 300-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filomena","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Carrilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 300-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.02.002","article-title":"The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Joiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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Endod."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/7\/1491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:11:29Z","timestamp":1760173889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/7\/1491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13071491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13071491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]}}}