{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:26:14Z","timestamp":1772252774649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a preliminary study and conceptual idea concerning 3D printing water-sensitive glass, using a borosilicate glass with high alkali and alkaline oxide contents as an example in direct ink writing. The investigated material was prepared in the form of a glass frit, which was further ground in order to obtain a fine powder of desired particle size distribution. In a following step, inks were prepared by mixing the fine glass powder with Pluoronic F-127 hydrogel. The acquired pastes were rheologically characterized and printed using a Robocasting device. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed for base materials and the obtained green bodies. After sintering, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out in order to examine microstructure and the eventual presence of crystalline phase inclusions. The results confirmed that the as obtained inks exhibit stable rheological properties despite the propensity of glass to undergo hydrolysis and could be adjusted to desirable values for 3D printing. No additional phase was observed, supporting the suitability of the designed technology for the production of water sensitive glass inks. SEM micrographs of the sintered samples revealed the presence of closed porosity, which may be the main reason of light scattering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T11:57:14Z","timestamp":1585828634000},"page":"1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Direct Ink Writing Glass: A Preliminary Step for Optical Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Nan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Materials Institute, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656\/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Go\u0142\u0119biewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2863-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Buczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, W\u00f3lczy\u0144ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9763-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Galindo-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Materials Institute, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.02.004","article-title":"Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.11.008","article-title":"The potential to enhance membrane module design with 3D printing technology","volume":"499","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/208760","article-title":"A review of additive manufacturing","volume":"2012","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.012","article-title":"Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges","volume":"143","author":"Ngo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-013-0248-8","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: Technology, applications and research needs","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21003","article-title":"Printing soft matter in three dimensions","volume":"540","author":"Truby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-014-0958-z","article-title":"Metal additive manufacturing: A review","volume":"23","author":"Frazier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"245","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of ceramics: A review","volume":"5","author":"Deckers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.013","article-title":"3D printing of ceramics: A review","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.11.034","article-title":"3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2018.1431862","article-title":"3D printing for soft robotics\u2013a review","volume":"19","author":"Gul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701181","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701181","article-title":"3D-printed transparent glass","volume":"29","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22061","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing of transparent fused silica glass","volume":"544","author":"Kotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.01.001","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing of strontium-containing mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.08.003","article-title":"Robocasting of 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"34","author":"Eqtesadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700323","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201700323","article-title":"3D printed optical quality silica and silica\u2013titania glasses from sol\u2013gel feedstocks","volume":"3","author":"Destino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, D.G., Barbera, L., Masania, K., and Studart, A.R. (2019). Three-dimensional printing of multicomponent glasses using phase-separating resins. Nat. Mater., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0525-y"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2015.0021","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of optically transparent glass","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"3D Print. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4035182","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of transparent soda-lime glass using a filament-fed process","volume":"139","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(84)90022-X","article-title":"Thermodynamic studies on the gel-sol transition of some pluronic polyols","volume":"22","author":"Vadnere","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00093a016","article-title":"Phase diagrams and aggregation behavior of poly (oxyethylene)-poly (oxypropylene)-poly (oxyethylene) triblock copolymers in aqueous solutions","volume":"27","author":"Wanka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.05.030","article-title":"Bioadhesive properties and rheology of polyether-modified poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels","volume":"282","author":"Bromberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200600914","article-title":"Temperature\/pH-Sensitive Hydrogels Prepared from Pluronic Copolymers End-Capped with Carboxylic Acid Groups via an Oligolactide Spacer","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.08.018","article-title":"Biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds fabricated by direct write assembly: Mechanical, anti-microbial and osteoblastic properties","volume":"37","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.16220","article-title":"Direct ink writing of macroporous lead-free piezoelectric Ba0. 85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3","volume":"102","author":"Nan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5","article-title":"Optimization of zirconia inks to fabricate 3D porous scaffolds by Robocasting","volume":"49","author":"Brazete","year":"2019","journal-title":"L\u00e9k. Tech. (On-line)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nan, B., Galindo-Rosales, F.J., and Ferreira, J.M.F. (2020). 3D printing vertically: Direct ink writing free-standing pillar arrays. Mater. Today, accepted.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2020.01.003"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.03.001","article-title":"Robocasting of structural ceramic parts with hydrogel inks","volume":"36","author":"Feilden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-017-0998-z","article-title":"\u201cEverything flows?\u201d: Elastic effects on startup flows of yield-stress. fluids","volume":"56","author":"Dinkgreve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.002","article-title":"A review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests: Analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)","volume":"36","author":"Hyun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0257(02)00141-6","article-title":"Large amplitude oscillatory shear as a way to classify the complex fluids","volume":"107","author":"Hyun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nonnewton. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2008.09.005","article-title":"Thixotropy","volume":"147","author":"Mewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0257(97)00004-9","article-title":"Thixotropy\u2014A review","volume":"70","author":"Barnes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nonnewton. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(72)90345-1","article-title":"Dynamic behavior of thixotropic systems","volume":"40","author":"Mewis","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/7\/1636\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:14:28Z","timestamp":1760174068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/7\/1636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13071636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13071636","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0169.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}}}