{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:53:53Z","timestamp":1770281633955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/BTM\u2010MAT\/28237\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTM\u2010MAT\/28237\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/EMD\u2010EMD\/28159\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EMD\u2010EMD\/28159\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/FIS\u2010MAC\/28157\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS\u2010MAC\/28157\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)","award":["MAT2016\u201076039\u2010C4\u20103\u2010R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016\u201076039\u2010C4\u20103\u2010R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports a versatile method for the development of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and water-soluble cellulose derivatives (methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)) films comprising the ionic liquid (IL) 2-hydroxy-ethyl-trimethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate ([Ch][DHP]) for actuator fabrication. The influence of the IL content on the morphology and physico\u2013chemical properties of free-standing composite films was evaluated. Independently of the cellulose derivative, the ductility of the films increases upon [Ch][DHP] incorporation to yield elongation at break values of nearly 15%. An increase on the electrical conductivity as a result of the IL incorporation into cellulosic matrices is found. The actuator performance of composites was evaluated, NaCMC\/[Ch][DHP] showing the maximum displacement along the x-axis of 9 mm at 8 Vpp. Based on the obtained high electromechanical actuation performance, together with their simple processability and renewable nature, the materials fabricated here represent a step forward in the development of sustainable soft actuators of high practical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cellulose Nanocrystal and Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivative Based Electromechanical Bending Actuators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3118-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Chemistry, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erlantz","family":"Lizundia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Bilbao Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rafaela M.","family":"Meira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"Rinc\u00f3n-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, D.M., Fernandes, L.C., Martins, P.M., Garc\u00eda-Astrain, C., Costa, C.M., Reguera, J., and Lanceros-Mendez, S. 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