{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T01:53:20Z","timestamp":1760320400396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 778070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 778070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a highly crystalline bismuth ferrite (BFO) powder was synthesized using a novel, very simple, and cost-effective synthetic approach. It was demonstrated that the optimal annealing temperature for the preparation of highly-pure BFO is 650 \u00b0C. At lower or higher temperatures, the formation of neighboring crystal phases was observed. The thermal behavior of BFO precursor gel was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) measurements. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy were employed for the investigation of structural properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate morphological features of the synthesized materials. The obtained powders were also characterized by magnetization measurements, which showed antiferromagnetic behavior of BFO powders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13133035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T10:41:09Z","timestamp":1594118469000},"page":"3035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Submicro-Sized BiFeO3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dovydas","family":"Karoblis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Griesiute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Kestutis","family":"Mazeika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Dalis","family":"Baltrunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Karpinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific-Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lukowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, PL 50422 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2566-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Gluchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, PL 50422 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Nanoceramics Inc., Okolna 2, PL-50422 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Rimantas","family":"Raudonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturas","family":"Katelnikovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksej","family":"Zarkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aivaras","family":"Kareiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2016.09.001","article-title":"Multiferroic bismuth ferrite-based materials for multifunctional applications: Ceramic bulks, thin films and nanostructures","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcrysgrow.2018.02.001","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of electrical features of bismuth manganite and bismuth ferrite: Effects of doping in cationic and anionic sublattice: Materials for applications","volume":"64","author":"Molak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cryst. Growth Ch."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768190006887","article-title":"Structure of a ferroelectric and ferroelastic monodomain crystal of the perovskite BiFeO3","volume":"46","author":"Kubel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200802849","article-title":"Physics and Applications of Bismuth Ferrite","volume":"21","author":"Catalan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2016.12.052","article-title":"A newly emerging visible light-responsive BiFeO3 perovskite for photocatalytic applications: A mini review","volume":"90","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyfouri, M.M., and Wang, D.Y. (2020). Recent progress in bismuth ferrite-based thin films as a promising photovoltaic material. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mat. Sci.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408436.2019.1708700"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-019-04932-5","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Er-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles for enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03237","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity and doping effects of BiFeO3 nanoparticles in model organic dyes","volume":"6","author":"Haruna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-018-4743-6","article-title":"Photocatalytic application of BiFeO3 synthesized via a facile microwave-assisted solution combustion method","volume":"87","author":"Rabbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2019.109329","article-title":"\u03b1-Fe2O3\/BiFeO3 composites as visible-active photocatalysts and their optical response mechanism","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122708","article-title":"Fabrication of BiFeO3-g-C3N4-WO3 Z-scheme heterojunction as highly efficient visible-light photocatalyst for water reduction and 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation: Insight mechanism","volume":"397","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1021\/cm802607p","article-title":"On the Thermodynamic Stability of BiFeO3","volume":"21","author":"Selbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.01.042","article-title":"Photocatalytic hydrogen generation using gold decorated BiFeO3 heterostructures as an efficient catalyst under visible light irradiation","volume":"194","author":"Bera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2018.09.043","article-title":"Chemical co-precipitation synthesis and properties of pure-phase BiFeO3","volume":"713","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-018-4688-9","article-title":"Microwave-assisted solution combustion synthesis of BiFeO3 powders","volume":"86","author":"Asefi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.02.051","article-title":"Tuning the magnetic response of cryo-milled BiFeO3 nanoparticles by controlling crystallite sizes and internal strain","volume":"347","author":"Volnistem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.05.032","article-title":"Enhanced multiferroic properties of sono-synthesized BiFeO3 nanoceramics by co-doping of Sm and Mn elements","volume":"44","author":"Chermahini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.16348","article-title":"Microstructures, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Ba-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles synthesized via molten salt route","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Ceramic Society"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.11.225","article-title":"Combination of structural and microstructural effects in the multiferroic response of Nd and Ti co-doped BiFeO3 bulk ceramics","volume":"45","author":"Gumiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-018-4862-0","article-title":"Ion dopants tuning the interband electronic structure for huge saturated ferroelectric polarization in bismuth ferrite films","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.144760","article-title":"Intrinsic piezoelectric characterization of BiFeO3 nanofibers and its implications for energy harvesting","volume":"509","author":"Queralto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-019-05036-w","article-title":"Perovskite BiFeO3 nanocatalysts for electrochemical water oxidation","volume":"91","author":"Rani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17449","article-title":"Single-Crystal BiFeO3 Nanoplates with Robust Antiferromagnetism","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39517-3","article-title":"Control of Multiferroic properties in BiFeO3 nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Muraca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"100198","article-title":"Response surface optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of Bismuth ferrite nanoparticles under supercritical water conditions: Application for photocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline","volume":"11","author":"Rouhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-016-4140-y","article-title":"Maltose-assisted sol\u2013gel synthesis, structural, magnetic and optical properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 nanopowders","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.10.087","article-title":"Microstructural, optical and magnetic characterizations of BiFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles synthesized via a sol-gel process","volume":"731","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.02.059","article-title":"Photocatalytic performances of BiFeO3 powders synthesized by solution combustion method: The role of mixed fuels","volume":"228","author":"Asefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01238-8","article-title":"High-performance low voltage operation of indium zinc tin oxide thin film transistors using chemically derived sodium \u03b2-alumina dielectric","volume":"30","author":"Pujar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4860296","article-title":"Enhanced ferromagnetic properties in Ho and Ni co-doped BiFeO3 ceramics","volume":"115","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.08.057","article-title":"Enhancement in magnetic properties of Ba-doped BiFeO3 ceramics by mechanical activation","volume":"651","author":"Layek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-016-1176-0","article-title":"Magnetic and ferroelectric characteristics of Gd3+and Ti4+ co-doped BiFeO3 ceramics","volume":"39","author":"Madolappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.07.152","article-title":"Effect of synthesis route on the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3: A comparative study between solid state and sol-gel methods","volume":"649","author":"Suresh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.76.024116","article-title":"Room-temperature coexistence of large electric polarization and magnetic order in BiFeO3 single crystals","volume":"76","author":"Lebeugle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02907","article-title":"Peculiar magnetism of BiFeO3 nanoparticles with size approaching the period of the spiral spin structure","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2014.11.008","article-title":"Magnetic and M\u00f6ssbauer characterization of the magnetic properties of single-crystalline sub-micron sized Bi2Fe4O9 cubes","volume":"15","author":"Papaefthymiou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4898617","article-title":"M\u00f6ssbauer investigations of hyperfine interactions features of 57Fe nuclei in BiFeO3 ferrite","volume":"1622","author":"Sobolev","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.38.000448","article-title":"New Contributions to the Optics of Intensely Light-Scattering Materials. Part I","volume":"38","author":"Kubelka","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR00185D","article-title":"Templated assembly of BiFeO3 nanocrystals into 3D mesoporous networks for catalytic applications","volume":"7","author":"Papadas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2017.06.021","article-title":"Defective BiFeO3 with surface oxygen vacancies: Facile synthesis and mechanism insight into photocatalytic performance","volume":"171","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2020.137852","article-title":"Nd-Cr co-doped BiFeO3 thin films for photovoltaic devices with enhanced photovoltaic performance","volume":"698","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/13\/3035\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1760176111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/13\/3035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13133035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13133035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]}}}