{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:45:48Z","timestamp":1776354348070,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/31\/N\/ST8\/01391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/N\/ST8\/01391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPN\/IWA\/2018\/1\/00064\/U\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPN\/IWA\/2018\/1\/00064\/U\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, three-dimensional materials based on blends of silk fibroin (SF), collagen (Coll), and chitosan (CTS) cross-linked by glyoxal solution were prepared and the properties of the new materials were studied. The structure of the composites and the interactions between scaffold components were studied using FTIR spectroscopy. The microstructure was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The following properties of the materials were measured: density and porosity, moisture content, and swelling degree. Mechanical properties of the 3D materials under compression were studied. Additionally, the metabolic activity of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells on materials was examined. It was found that the materials were characterized by a high swelling degree (up to 3000% after 1 h of immersion) and good porosity (in the range of 80\u201390%), which can be suitable for tissue engineering applications. None of the materials showed cytotoxicity toward MG-63 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13153433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T10:45:17Z","timestamp":1596537917000},"page":"3433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Silk Fibroin\/Collagen\/Chitosan Scaffolds Cross-Linked by a Glyoxal Solution as Biomaterials toward Bone Tissue Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3957-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Grabska-Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Sionkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry of Biomaterials and Cosmetics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina C.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FLUIDINOVA, S.A., 4470-605 Moreira da Maia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando J.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.003","article-title":"Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as new biomaterials: Review","volume":"36","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00374-0","article-title":"Collagen\/chitosan porous scaffolds with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.08.069","article-title":"Design and fabrication of porous chitosan scaffolds with tunable structures and mechanical properties","volume":"177","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.243","article-title":"Multifactor analysis on the effect of collagen concentration, cross-linking and fiber\/pore orientation on chemical, microstructural, mechanical and biological properties of collagen type I scaffolds","volume":"77","author":"Suesca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.167","article-title":"Doped tricalcium phosphate bone tissue engineering scaffolds using sucrose as template and microwave sintering: Enhancement of mechanical and biological properties","volume":"78","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1995.1.3","article-title":"Tissue Engineering: From Biology to Biological Substitutes","volume":"1","author":"Nerem","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-796X(01)00035-3","article-title":"Polymeric biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Seal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R: Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.102","article-title":"Polysaccharide based bionanocomposites, properties and applications: A review","volume":"92","author":"Zafar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.08.013","article-title":"Biomaterials based on new polyurethane and hydrolyzed collagen, k-elastin, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate","volume":"47","author":"Popescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1115\/1.429659","article-title":"Mechanical properties of a biodegradable bone regeneration scaffold","volume":"122","author":"Porter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.015","article-title":"Biocomposites containing natural polymers and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering","volume":"47","author":"Swetha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00011-3","article-title":"Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"20","author":"Madihally","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.1996.10647934","article-title":"Collagen-based Biomaterials","volume":"13","author":"Ramshaw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.03.016","article-title":"Chitosan: A versatile biopolymer for orthopaedic tissue-engineering","volume":"26","author":"Sittinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.11.005","article-title":"Functional properties of cartilaginous tissues engineered from infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"43","author":"Buckley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(03)00263-X","article-title":"Tissue engineered cartilage generated from human trachea using DegraPol scaffold","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2012.760491","article-title":"Therapeutic applications and properties of silk proteins fromBombyx mori","volume":"6","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"171","article-title":"Potential use of natural silk for bio-dental applications","volume":"9","author":"Zafar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.01.020","article-title":"Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis\u2014A review","volume":"77","author":"Campo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2016.1255501","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of three-component mixtures based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid and collagen","volume":"640","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3876-0","article-title":"Silk fibroin\/chitosan\u2013hyaluronic acid versus silk fibroin scaffolds for tissue engineering: Promoting cell proliferations in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.10.047","article-title":"Chitosan blends containing hyaluronic acid and collagen. Compatibility behaviour","volume":"212","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.11.015","article-title":"Collagen\/elastin hydrogels cross-linked by squaric acid","volume":"60","author":"Kuderko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2009.0754","article-title":"Dehydrothermal Crosslinking of Electrospun Collagen","volume":"17","author":"Drexler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C: Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208509152389","article-title":"Mechanism of crosslinking of proteins by glutaraldehyde III. Reaction with collagen in tissues","volume":"13","author":"Cheung","year":"1985","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)87282-6","article-title":"Cross-linking characteristics of biological tissues fixed with monofunctional or multifunctional epoxy compounds","volume":"17","author":"Sung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3157-8","article-title":"Preparation and endothelialization of decellularised vascular scaffold for tissue-engineered blood vessel","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2378","article-title":"Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials","volume":"57","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.587.205","article-title":"Biological Properties of Chitosan\/Collagen Composites","volume":"587","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2014.09.028","article-title":"Modification of collagen and chitosan mixtures by the addition of tannic acid","volume":"199","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2016.09.001","article-title":"Gentamicin release from chitosan and collagen composites","volume":"35","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2016.1255504","article-title":"Modification of 3D materials based on chitosan and collagen blends by sodium alginate","volume":"640","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.12.047","article-title":"Characterization of silk fibroin 3D composites modified by collagen","volume":"215","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2016.1257332","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of silk fibroin\/collagen sponge with nanohydroxyapatite","volume":"640","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2016.1261433","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of silk fibroin\/collagen sponge modified by chemical cross-linking","volume":"640","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.25426","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of collagen\/chitosan composites with silver nanoparticles","volume":"41","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2012.10.042","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of silk fibroin\/chitosan composite sponges for tissue engineering","volume":"178","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2013.07.008","article-title":"Surface properties of thin films based on the mixtures of chitosan and silk fibroin","volume":"186","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.017","article-title":"The influence of UV-irradiation on thermal and mechanical properties of chitosan and silk fibroin mixtures","volume":"140","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2014.07.033","article-title":"Miscibility and physical properties of chitosan and silk fibroin mixtures","volume":"198","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(03)00161-9","article-title":"Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications","volume":"57","author":"Berger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2006.02.003","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde and glyoxal cross-linked chitosan microspheres for controlled delivery of centchroman","volume":"341","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.07.022","article-title":"Investigation of Chitosan-glycol\/glyoxal as an Injectable Biomaterial for Vocal Fold Tissue Engineering","volume":"110","author":"Heris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.127","article-title":"Chitosan-glyoxal film as a superior adsorbent for two structurally different reactive and acid dyes: Adsorption and mechanism study","volume":"135","author":"Jawad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-0009-x","article-title":"Glyoxal modification mediates conformational alterations in silk fibroin: Induction of fibrillation with amyloidal features","volume":"45","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000078425","article-title":"Collagen Type I Prevents Glyoxal-Induced Apoptosis in Osteoblastic Cells Cultured on Titanium Alloy","volume":"177","author":"Tippelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2010.06.007","article-title":"Preparation of cross-linked chitosan\/glyoxal molecularly imprinted resin for efficient chiral resolution of aspartic acid isomers","volume":"51","author":"Monier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2004.09.013","article-title":"Studies of cross-linking reaction on chitosan fiber with glyoxal","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2004.10.062","article-title":"Non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications of bovine serum albumin by oxo-compounds investigated by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods","volume":"815","author":"Miksik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031633","article-title":"Effect of dicarbonyl induced browning on acrystallin chaperone-like activity: Physiological significance and caveats of in vitro aggregation assays","volume":"379","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"65","article-title":"Formation of Pentosidine Cross-Linking in Myoglobin by Glyoxal: Detection of Fluorescent Advanced Glycation End Product","volume":"231","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.028","article-title":"Methyglyoxal administration induces modification of hemoglobin in experimental rats: An in vivo study","volume":"167","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.11.016","article-title":"The modification of \u03b1-synuclein by dicarbonyl compounds inhibits its fibril-forming process","volume":"1794","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.180","article-title":"Glyoxal-induced modification enhances stability of hemoglobin and lowers iron-mediated oxidation reactions of the heme protein: An in vitro study","volume":"107","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iram, A., Alam, T., Khan, J.M., Khan, T.A., Khan, R.H., and Naeem, A. (2013). Molten Globule of Hemoglobin Proceeds into Aggregates and Advanced Glycated End Products. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072075"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.023","article-title":"Equilibrium studies of cellulase aggregates in presence of ascorbic and boric acid","volume":"52","author":"Iram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.173","article-title":"New composite materials prepared by calcium phosphate precipitation in chitosan\/collagen\/hyaluronic acid sponge cross-linked by EDC\/NHS","volume":"107","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35540","article-title":"Biodegradation, biocompatibility, and osteoconduction evaluation of collagen-nanohydroxyapatite cryogels for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"104","author":"Salgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015016","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa8910","article-title":"Characterization of gelatin and chitosan scaffolds cross-linked by dialdehyde starch addition","volume":"13","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabska, S., Sionkowska, A., Reczy\u0144ska, K., and Pamu\u0142a, E. (2020). Physico-Chemical Characterization and Biological Tests of Collagen\/Silk Fibroin\/Chitosan Scaffolds Cross-Linked by Dialdehyde Starch. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020372"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.262","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of collagen\/hyaluronic acid\/chitosan film crosslinked with dialdehyde starch","volume":"149","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3212-5","article-title":"Genipin-crosslinked chitosan\/gelatin blends for biomedical applications","volume":"19","author":"Chiono","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(01)00212-0","article-title":"Drug release from chitosan\u2013alginate complex beads reinforced by a naturally occurring cross-linking agent","volume":"48","author":"Mi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2018.1542069","article-title":"The physicochemical properties of 3D materials based on hyaluronic acid modified by tannic acid addition","volume":"670","author":"Grabska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.018","article-title":"In vivo studies of novel scaffolds with tannic acid addition","volume":"158","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.015","article-title":"Feasibility study of the natural derived chitosan dialdehyde for chemical modification of collagen","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.12.076","article-title":"Structure and properties of cotton fabrics treated with functionalized dialdehyde chitosan","volume":"103","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.14.3.7122-7133","article-title":"Investigating the Possibility of Making Lignin-glyoxal Resins as Adhesives in the Production of Plywood","volume":"14","author":"Esfandiyari","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2017.07.026","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of 3D collagen materials with magnetic properties","volume":"62","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm06659a","article-title":"Glyoxal modification of gelatin leads to change in properties of solutions and resulting films","volume":"8","author":"Spanneberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"56","article-title":"Electrospun Zein Fibrous Membranes Using Glyoxal as Cross-Linking Agent: Preparation, Characterization and Potential for Use in Biomedical Applications","volume":"38","author":"Suwantong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.002","article-title":"Properties and modification of porous 3-D collagen\/hydroxyapatite composites","volume":"52","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21962","article-title":"Incorporation of magnetite particles in 3D matrices made from the blends of collagen, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid","volume":"37","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.035","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of scaffolds based on mixtures of chitosan, collagen and glycosaminoglycans with nano-hydroxyapatite addition","volume":"118","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.059","article-title":"One-pot synthesis of novel magnetic three-dimensional graphene\/chitosan\/nickel ferrite nanocomposite for lead ions removal from aqueous solution: RSM modelling design","volume":"201","author":"Nasiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Simon, S.R. (1994). Form and function of bone. Orthopaedic Basic Science, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarek, B., Nadolna, K., and Owczarek, A. (2020). The physical and chemical properties of hydrogels based on natural polymers. Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers, Elsevier BV.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816421-1.00006-9"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.02.029","article-title":"Biophysical control of invasive tumor cell behavior by extracellular matrix microarchitecture","volume":"33","author":"Carey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.085","article-title":"3D composites based on the blends of chitosan and collagen with the addition of hyaluronic acid","volume":"89","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","article-title":"Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.196","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of composites based on the blends of collagen, chitosan and hyaluronic acid with nano-hydroxyapatite","volume":"102","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820040309","article-title":"Potential of ceramic materials as permanently implantable skeletal prostheses","volume":"4","author":"Hulbert","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.017","article-title":"The application of chitosan\/collagen\/hyaluronic acid sponge cross-linked by dialdehyde starch addition as a matrix for calcium phosphate in situ precipitation","volume":"107","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2016.1255509","article-title":"L-ascorbic acid release from polymeric matrixes based on blends of chitosan, collagen and hyaluronic acid","volume":"640","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.056","article-title":"Development of silk fibroin\/nanohydroxyapatite composite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering","volume":"67","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11050-10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47491-z","article-title":"Nano-hydroxyapatite in oral care cosmetics: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449209145322","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Toxicology of Glutaraldehyde","volume":"22","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/15\/3433\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:54:13Z","timestamp":1760176453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/15\/3433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13153433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13153433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]}}}