{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T15:37:46Z","timestamp":1770997066727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project TexBoost with Nr. 024523 (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024523)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project TexBoost with Nr. 024523 (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024523)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/139847\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/139847\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A bio-radar system is presented for vital signs acquisition, using textile antennas manufactured with a continuous substrate that integrates the ground plane. Textile antennas were selected to be used in the RF (Radio Frequency) front-end, rather than those made of conventional materials, to further integrate the system in a car seat cover and thus streamline the industrial manufacturing process. The development of the novel substrate material is described in detail, as well as its characterization process. Then, the antenna design considerations are presented. The experiments to validate the textile antennas operation by acquiring the respiratory signal of six subjects with different body structures while seated in a car seat are presented. In conclusion, it was possible to prove that bio-radar systems can operate with textile-based antennas, providing accurate results of the extraction of vital signs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1609797516000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Textile Antenna for Bio-Radar Embedded in a Car Seat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Loss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech Research Unit, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Eletr\u00f3nica, Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Salvado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCom\u2014Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e Artes, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletr\u00f3nica, Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e de Computadores, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Eletr\u00f3nica, Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boric-Lubecke, O., Lubecke, V.M., Droitcour, A.D., Park, B.-K., and Singh, A. (2015). Doppler Radar Physiological Sensing, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119078418"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, C., Loss, C., Pinho, P., and Vieira, J. (2019). Different Antenna Designs for Non-Contact Vital Signs Measurement: A Review. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8111294"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diewald, A.R. (2016, January 10\u201312). RF-based Child Occupation Detection in the Vehicle Interior. Proceedings of the 17th International Radar Symposium (IRS), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRS.2016.7497352"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, X., and Kan, E.C. (2019, January 6\u20138). Seat Integration of RF Vital-Sign Monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMBIOC.2019.8777742"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2799322","article-title":"Vital Sign Monitoring Through the Back Using an UWB Impulse Radar With Body Coupled Antennas","volume":"12","author":"Schires","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S., Hallbjorner, P., and Rydberg, A. (2009, January 23\u201327). Array Antenna for Body-Worn Automotive Harmonic Radar Tag. Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2008.0218"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agneessens, S. (2013, January 20\u201323). A Through Wall Doppler Radar System: Active Textile Antenna Design, Prototyping and Experiment. Proceedings of the IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSNet.2013.6488619"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15841","DOI":"10.3390\/s121115841","article-title":"Textile Materials for the Design of Wearable Antennas: A Survey","volume":"12","author":"Salvado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2239956","article-title":"Textile Antennas and Sensors for Body-Worn Applications","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loss, C., Salvado, R., Gon\u00e7alves, R., and Pinho, P. (2017, January 20\u201322). Influence of the Laminating Manufacturing Technique on the S11 Parameter of Printed Textile Antennas. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Pavia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-AMP.2017.8247426"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2207941","article-title":"Stability and efficiency of screen-printed wearable and washable antennas","volume":"11","author":"Scarpello","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160p\u016frek, J., V\u00e9lim, J., Cupal, M., Raida, Z., Pr\u00e1\u0161ek, J., and Hub\u00e1lek, J. (2016, January 9\u201311). Slot loop antennas printed on 3D textile substrate. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Microwave, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIKON.2016.7492085"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics3020314","article-title":"Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Tsolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2628086","article-title":"Embroidered Antenna-Microchip Interconnections and Contour Antennas in Passive UHF RFID Textile Tags","volume":"16","author":"Ginestet","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, L. (2015, January 25\u201327). Millimetre Wave Textile Integrated Waveguide Beamforming Antenna for Radar Applications. Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Millimeter-Waves (GSMM), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/GSMM.2015.7175440"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.01.013","article-title":"Design and Fabrication of Microstrip Antennas Integrated in Three Dimensional Orthogonal Woven Composites","volume":"69","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.01.006","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Microstrip Array Antennas Integrated in the Three Dimensional Orthogonal Woven Composite","volume":"42","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2004). Weft Knitted Spacer Fabrics. (6.779.369B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509105696","article-title":"Influence of Relative Humidity on Textile Antenna Performance","volume":"80","author":"Hertleer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2207035","article-title":"Design and Manufacturing of Robust Textile Antennas for Harsh Environments","volume":"60","author":"Lilja","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kawabata, S. (1980). Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Fabrics. The Standarization and Analysys of Hand Evaluation, The Textile Machinery Society of Japan. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.05.015","article-title":"DiameterJ: A Validated Open Source Nanofiber Diameter Measurement Tool","volume":"61","author":"Hotaling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of Image Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schineider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2004). Test Method for Determing the Electrical Resistivity of a Printed Conductive Material, ASTM F-1896-98; ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2063090","article-title":"Determination of Dielectric Constant of Fabric Materials and Their Use as Substrates for Design and Development of Antennas for Wearable Applications","volume":"59","author":"Sankaralingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517518764000","article-title":"Influence of Some Structural Parameters on the Dielectric Behavior of Materials for Textile Antennas","volume":"89","author":"Loss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. (2005). Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Wiley Interscience. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/TADVP.2004.828822","article-title":"SOP Integration and Codesign of Antennas","volume":"27","author":"Brebels","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varum, T., Matos, J.N., and Pinho, P. (2016). Non-Uniform Microstrip Antenna Array for DSRC in Single-Lane Structures. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122101"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, C., Tom\u00e9, A., Barros, F., Soares, S.C., Vieira, J., and Pinho, P. (2020). Study on the usage feasibility of continuous-wave radar for emotion recognition. Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101835"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/1\/213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:52Z","timestamp":1760159212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/1\/213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14010213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14010213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]}}}