{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:48:32Z","timestamp":1760233712678,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia of Portugal","award":["LAETA- UIDB\/50022\/2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LAETA- UIDB\/50022\/2020."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new joining method by a forming process for attaching sheets to tube ends. The process consists of two different forming stages carried out sequentially in a single stroke. Firstly, the free tube end is flared by compression with a contoured die, then is squeezed (indented) against the sheet surface to create a mechanical interlocking. The new process is carried out at an ambient temperature and, in contrast to existing joining by forming operations based on tube expansion, it avoids seal welds, tube protrusions above the sheet surfaces, and machining of grooves on the sheet holes to obtain the form-fit joints. The paper starts by analyzing the process deformation mechanics and its main operating variables and finishes by presenting examples that demonstrate its effectiveness for attaching sheets to tube ends made from polyvinylchloride and aluminum. Experimental and numerical simulation work provides support to the presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T23:38:44Z","timestamp":1613173124000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Single-Stroke Attachment of Sheets to Tube Ends Made from Dissimilar Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago J.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafael M.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2630-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A.F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K.P., and Soler, A.I. (1984). Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I.K., Lee, S.Y., Lee, S.K., Jeong, M.S., Kim, B.J., and Joo, W.G. (2020). Study on effect of shapes of serration of joining plane on joining characteristics for the aluminium\u2013steel multi-materials press joining process. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245611"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winiarski, G., Gontarz, A., and Samo\u0142yk, G. (2020). Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new process for forming flanges on hollow parts. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13184088"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2017.03.035","article-title":"Joining of a tube to a sheet through end curling","volume":"246","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. 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