{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:59:06Z","timestamp":1775840346311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olives\u2019 consumption produces copious agricultural byproducts that have accompanied humanity for millennia, but the increasing worldwide production complicates its management. Most wastes are generated during olive oil production in form of olive stones and other lignocellulosic derivatives. Industrial processes of chemical or physical nature to recover economically compounds from biomass residues are costly, difficult, and non-environmentally friendly. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biopolymers are the principal components of olive stones, which present interesting qualities as lignocellulosic fillers in polymeric composites. This review will summarize examples of composites based on thermoplastic polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), polylactide (PLA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polycaprolactone (PCL); thermosetting resins (phenol-formaldehyde, unsaturated polyesters, and epoxy) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber\/devulcanized waste rubber (NBR\/DWR) blends focusing on the fabrication procedures, characterization, and possible applications. Finally, thanks to the wide disparity in polymer matrix types, the variability in applications is important, from adsorption to mechanical enhancement, showing the easiness and benefit of olive stone integration in many materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Olive Stones as Filler for Polymer-Based Composites: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Valvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Maceiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9026-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo N. B.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-007-9120-9","article-title":"Olive oil history, production and by-product management","volume":"7","author":"Kapellakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64063-8","article-title":"Advances in biocultural geography of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) landscapes by merging biological and historical assays","volume":"10","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schena, L., Agosteo, G.E., and Cacciola, S.O. (2011). Worldwide diffusion and relevance of olive culture. Olive Diseases and Disorders, Transworld Research Network."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, December 16). Producing 69% of the World\u2019s Production, the EU is the Largest Producer of Olive Oil. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/news\/producing-69-worlds-production-eu-largest-producer-olive-oil-2020-feb-04_en."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.06.017","article-title":"Circular economy in olive oil production\u2014Olive mill solid waste to ethanol and heavy metal sorbent using microwave pretreatment","volume":"113","author":"Azaizeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.026","article-title":"Recycling of washed olive pomace ash for fired clay brick manufacturing","volume":"61","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElhatton, A., and do Amaral Sobral, P.J. (2012). Integrated Management Methods for the Treatment and\/or Valorization of Olive Mill Wastes. Novel Technologies in Food Science: Their Impact on Products, Consumer Trends and the Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7880-6"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Olive Pomace Flour as Potential Organic Filler in Composite Materials: A Brief Review","volume":"9","author":"Banat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2006.11.010","article-title":"Flexural behaviour of hybrid laminated composites","volume":"38","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Natural fiber polymer composites: A review","volume":"18","author":"Saheb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol. J. Polym. Process. Inst."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Folkes, M.J. (1982). Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bledzki, A.K., and Gassan, J. (1997). Natural fiber reinforced plastics. Handbook of Engineering Polymeric Materials, Marcel Dekker Inc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(99)00024-X","article-title":"Effect of processing variables on the mechanical properties of sisal-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites","volume":"59","author":"Joseph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(02)00217-8","article-title":"Manufacturing sisal-polypropylene composites with minimum fibre degradation","volume":"63","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(01)00110-6","article-title":"Thermoplastic pultrusion of natural fibre reinforced composites","volume":"54","author":"Kiekens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-011-0240-z","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of composites filled by agro-waste materials","volume":"12","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.11.040","article-title":"Wood plastic composites from agro-waste materials: Analysis of mechanical properties","volume":"101","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111669","article-title":"Viscoelastic behaviour of composites with epoxy matrix filled by cork powder","volume":"234","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00184-7","article-title":"Removal of phenolics in olive mill wastewaters using the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus","volume":"36","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2003.09.026","article-title":"The effect of pretreatment on anaerobic activity of olive mill wastewater using batch and continuous systems","volume":"39","author":"Sabbah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(98)00106-0","article-title":"Characterization of olive mill wastewater (alpechin) and its sludge for agricultural purposes","volume":"67","author":"Paredes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otles, S., and Selek, I. (2012). Treatment of olive mill wastewater and the use of polyphenols obtained after treatment. Int. J. Food Stud., 1.","DOI":"10.7455\/ijfs.v1i1.37"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"65","article-title":"Olive oil waste management EU legislation: Current situation and policy recommendations","volume":"3","author":"Inglezakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Environ. Eng. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutourni\u00e9, P., Jeguirim, M., Khiari, B., Goddard, M.-L., and Jellali, S. (2019). Olive Mill Wastewater: From a Pollutant to Green Fuels, Agricultural Water Source, and Bio-Fertilizer. Part 2: Water Recovery. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040768"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2004.10.005","article-title":"Treatment of olive mill effluents: Part I. Organic matter degradation by chemical and biological processes\u2014An overview","volume":"31","author":"Mantzavinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380490279932","article-title":"A review of waste management options in olive oil production","volume":"34","author":"Azbar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.11.027","article-title":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bola\u00f1os. Olive stone an attractive source of bioactive and valuable compounds","volume":"99","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Cristofaro, D. (1997). A Process for the Realization of Plates and Panels Consisting of Exhausted Olive Husks of Crushed Olive Stones and Polypropylene, and Derived Product. (No. WO 9738834), International Patent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200390046","article-title":"Lipids and phenols in table olives","volume":"105","author":"Bianchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Beltr\u00e1n, J.U., Hern\u00e1ndez-de Lira, I.O., Cruz-Santos, M.M., Saucedo-Luevanos, A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Ter\u00e1n, F., and Balagurusamy, N. (2019). Insight into Pretreatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Increase Biogas Yield: Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183721"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.02.010","article-title":"Olive stone as a renewable source of biopolyols","volume":"32","author":"Matos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.3.4.1403-1418","article-title":"Cellulose as a nanostructured polymer: A short review","volume":"3","author":"Ioelovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.19971200119","article-title":"Chemistry and biochemistry of hemicelluloses: Relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzymes required for hydrolysis","volume":"120","author":"Puls","year":"1997","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683816060053","article-title":"Lignin: Chemical structure, biodegradation, and practical application (a review)","volume":"52","author":"Feofilova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasrullah, A., Bhat, A.H., Khan, A.S., and Ajab, H. (2017). Comprehensive approach on the structure, production, processing, and application of lignin. Lignocellul. Fibre Biomass Based Compos. Mater., 165\u2013178.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100959-8.00009-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(91)90019-O","article-title":"Plant cell walls as fibrous lignocellulosic composites: Relations with lignin structure and function","volume":"32","author":"Monties","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballesteros, L.F., Michelin, M., Vicente, A.A., Teixeira, J.A., and Cerqueira, M.\u00c2. (2018). Lignocellulosic Materials: Sources and Processing Technologies. Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Use in Bio-Based Packaging, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92940-8_2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2007.78","article-title":"Nanotechnology and its applications in lignocellulosic composites, a mini review","volume":"1","author":"Kamel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.12.033","article-title":"Structure\u2013morphology\u2013mechanical properties relationship of some polypropylene\/lignocellulosic composites","volume":"56","author":"Darie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.020","article-title":"Thermoplastic polymers reinforced with fibrous agricultural residues","volume":"90","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"127","article-title":"Mechanical properties of polystyrene\/olive stone flour composites","volume":"6","author":"Hamida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.1614","article-title":"Green composites of organic materials and recycled post-consumer polyethylene","volume":"53","author":"Dintcheva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2013.10.047","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of olive pit powder as a filler to PLA-matrix bio-composites","volume":"255","author":"Koutsomitopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2010.07.002","article-title":"Thermal properties of poly(l-lactide)\/olive stone flour composites","volume":"510","author":"Erceg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2019.178440","article-title":"Nonisothermal crystallization of poly(l-lactide) in poly(l-lactide)\/olive stone flour composites","volume":"683","author":"Erceg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghmouchi, I., Mutj\u00e9, P., and Boufi, S. (2014). Polyvinyl chloride composites filled with olive stone flour: Mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.41083"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.11.051","article-title":"Olive stones flour as reinforcement in polypropylene composites: A step forward in the valorization of the solid waste from the olive oil industry","volume":"72","author":"Naghmouchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.09.047","article-title":"Polypropylene composites based on lignocellulosic fillers: How the filler morphology affects the composite properties","volume":"65","author":"Naghmouchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.733.65","article-title":"Effects of Olive Pit and Almond Shell Powder on Polypropylene","volume":"733","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012015","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/204\/1\/012015","article-title":"Polypropylene\/olive pit & almond shell polymer composites: Wear and friction","volume":"204","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE20180198","article-title":"Dynamical Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composites Filled with Olive Pit Particles","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0485-5","article-title":"On the Correlation of Lignocellulosic Filler Composition with the Performance Properties of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Based Biocomposites","volume":"11","author":"Hejna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01888-4","article-title":"The Potentials of Corn Waste Lignocellulosic Fibre as an Improved Reinforced Bioplastic Composites","volume":"29","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montesdeoca-Contreras, J.V., Palt\u00e1n-Zhingre, C.A., Mu\u00f1oz-Cuenca, T.F., Fajardo-Seminario, J.I., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, L.M., and Lasso-Lazo, D.R. (2015, January 2\u20134). Study of natural fibers as filler in a polymeric matrix to make environment friendly materials. Proceedings of 2015 IEEE NW Russia Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Conference (EIConRusNW), St. Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIConRusNW.2015.7102292"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/apmc.1988.051630105","article-title":"Adsorption of phenols on carbonaceous adsorbents produced from phenol-formaldehyde-resin mixed with olive stones","volume":"163","author":"Simitzis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Die Angew. Makromol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070580308","article-title":"Adsorption properties and microporous structure of adsorbents produced from phenolic resin and biomass","volume":"58","author":"Simitzis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0254-0584(95)01539-6","article-title":"Characterization of pore structure by porosimetry and sorption on adsorbents produced from novolac-biomass","volume":"41","author":"Simitzis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070551304","article-title":"Influence of pyrolysis temperature on the adsorptive properties of adsorbents produced from novolac and biomass","volume":"55","author":"Sfyrakis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2012.06.018","article-title":"Response surface methodology as an efficient tool for optimizing carbon adsorbents for CO2 capture","volume":"106","author":"Gil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Elsahli, E., Elhrari, W., Klash, A., and Shebani, A. (2016, January 25\u201330). The use of olive stone waste for production of particleboard using commercial polyster sealer as a binding agent. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering, Alkhoms, Libya."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.09.012","article-title":"Composite materials from unsaturated polyester resin and olive nuts residue: The effect of silane treatment","volume":"62","author":"Gharbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/app.35092","article-title":"Effect of thermal fatigue on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with olive pits powder","volume":"124","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Papanicolaou, G.C., and Anastasiou, D.E. (2020). Development of environmentally friendly epoxy and composite adhesives and applications in single and mixed-modulus joints. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 1\u201316."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32944","article-title":"Use of solid residue from olive kernel pyrolysis for polymer matrix composite manufacturing: Physical and mechanical characterization","volume":"119","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-020-02592-z","article-title":"An experimental investigation on dynamic and mechanical characterization of olive pomace-filled glass\/epoxy composite laminates","volume":"42","author":"Bulut","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"14","article-title":"The experimental study and statistical evaluation of the wear and hardness of epoxy reinforced with natural materials","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.02.028","article-title":"Lignocellulosic fibre mediated rubber composites: An overview","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-019-1914-2","article-title":"Acrylate-modified gamma-irradiated olive stones waste as a filler for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber\/devulcanized rubber composites","volume":"26","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gull\u00f3n, P., Gull\u00f3n, B., Astray, G., Carpena, M., Fraga-Corral, M., Lage, M.P., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2020). Valorization of by-products from olive oil industry and added-value applications for innovative functional foods. Food Res. Int., 109683.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109683"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020465305193","article-title":"Eco-compatible use of olive husk as filler in thermoplastic composites","volume":"9","author":"Siracusa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1305.2009.00624.x","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of PVC\/CaCO3 Particulate Composites\u2013Influence of Temperature","volume":"47","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01770943","article-title":"Rice husk ash filled polyester resin composites","volume":"6","author":"Chand","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/4\/845\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:22:32Z","timestamp":1760160152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/4\/845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14040845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14040845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]}}}