{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T18:13:23Z","timestamp":1770574403102,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant strengthening of concrete structures can be obtained when using adhesively-bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems. Challenges related to such strengthening methods are; however, the brittle concrete delamination failure, reduced warning, and the consequent inefficient use of the CFRP. A novel ductile near-surface mounted reinforcement (NSMR) CFRP strengthening system with a high CFRP utilization is introduced in this paper. It is hypothesized that the tailored ductile enclosure wedge (EW) end anchors, in combination with low E-modulus and high elongation adhesive, can provide significant strengthening and ductility control. Five concrete T-beams were strengthened using the novel system with a CFRP rod activation stress of approximately 980 MPa. The beam responses were compared to identical epoxy-bonded NSMR strengthened and un-strengthened beams. The linear elastic response was identical to the epoxy-bonded NSMR strengthened beam. In addition, the average deflection and yielding regimes were improved by 220% and 300% (average values), respectively, with an ultimate capacity comparable to the epoxy-bonded NSMR strengthened beam. Reproducible and predictable strengthening effect seems obtainable, where a good correlation between the results and applied theory was reached. The brittle failure modes were prevented, where concrete compression failure and frontal overload anchor failure were experienced when failure was initiated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1621948461000},"page":"2821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Activated Ductile CFRP NSMR Strengthening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jacob Wittrup","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, University of Aalborg, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6334-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Overgaard","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Goltermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sena-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE\/IB-S, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"717","article-title":"Near-Surface-Mounted Fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement for flexural strengthening of concrete structures","volume":"101","author":"Rizkalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACI Struct. 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