{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T20:39:28Z","timestamp":1772915968450,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138717\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138717\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EQU\/EQU\/1056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EQU\/EQU\/1056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macroporous and hierarchically macro\/mesoporous materials (mostly monoliths and microspheres) have attracted much attention for a variety of applications, such as supporting or enabling materials in chromatography, energy storage and conversion, catalysis, biomedical devices, drug delivery systems, and environmental remediation. A well-succeeded method to obtain these tailored porous materials relies on the sol-gel technique, combined with phase separation by spinodal decomposition, and involves as well emulsification as a soft template, in the case of the synthesis of porous microspheres. Significant advancements have been witnessed, in terms of synthesis methodologies optimized either for the use of alkoxides or metal\u2013salts and material design, including the grafting or immobilization of a specific species (or nanoparticles) to enable the most recent trends in technological applications, such as photocatalysis. In this context, the evolution, in terms of material composition and synthesis strategies, is discussed in a concerted fashion in this review, with the goal of inspiring new improvements and breakthroughs in the framework of porous materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T10:47:46Z","timestamp":1627555666000},"page":"4247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Macroporosity Control by Phase Separation in Sol-Gel Derived Monoliths and Microspheres"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00710K","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of monolithic materials with hierarchical porosity","volume":"45","author":"Feinle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05257-4","article-title":"Silica-based microspheres with interconnected macroporosity by phase separation","volume":"95","author":"Vale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000116","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202000116","article-title":"Porous Silica Microspheres with Immobilized Titania Nanoparticles for In-Flow Solar-Driven Purification of Wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa183","article-title":"Hierarchically structured porous materials: Synthesis strategies and applications in energy storage","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10928","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR09149G","article-title":"Hierarchical TiO2\/C nanocomposite monoliths with a robust scaffolding architecture, mesopore-macropore network and TiO2-C heterostructure for high-performance lithium ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05370-4","article-title":"Hierarchically porous monoliths prepared via sol\u2013gel process accompanied by spinodal decomposition","volume":"95","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33782","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA04287K","article-title":"Recent advances and future perspectives of sol-gel derived porous bioactive glasses: A review","volume":"10","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.20.595","article-title":"Late stages of spinodal decomposition in binary mixtures","volume":"20","author":"Siggia","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.27.2152","article-title":"Dynamics of phase separation in two-dimensional fluids: Spinodal decomposition","volume":"27","author":"Koch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8407","article-title":"A novel coarsening mechanism of droplets in immiscible fluid mixtures","volume":"6","author":"Shimizu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20734-8","article-title":"Power-law coarsening in network-forming phase separation governed by mechanical relaxation","volume":"12","author":"Tateno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1695731","article-title":"Phase separation by spinodal decomposition in isotropic systems","volume":"42","author":"Cahn","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750930","article-title":"Solutions of long chain compounds","volume":"9","author":"Huggins","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1021\/j150415a018","article-title":"Some properties of solutions of long-chain compounds","volume":"46","author":"Huggins","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1723621","article-title":"Themodynamics of high polymer solutions","volume":"10","author":"Flory","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01263a056","article-title":"The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Long-Chain Molecules. IV. Dependence on Concentration","volume":"64","author":"Huggins","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubinstein, M., and Colby, R.H. (2003). Polymer Physics, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198520597.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009627216939","article-title":"Pore Structure Control of Silica Gels Based on Phase Separation","volume":"4","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06794.x","article-title":"Phase Separation in Gelling Silica\u2013Organic Polymer Solution: Systems Containing Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate)","volume":"74","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00486427","article-title":"Polymerization-induced phase separation in silica sol-gel systems containing formamide","volume":"1","author":"Kaji","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer, D.W., and Keefer, K.D. (1984). Structure of Soluble Silicates. MRS Proc., 32.","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-32-1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04168.x","article-title":"Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of Gelling Silica\u2013Organic Polymer Solution: Systems Containing Poly(Sodium Styrenesulfonate)","volume":"75","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(05)80800-2","article-title":"Phase separation in silica sol-gel system containing polyacrylic acid I. Gel formaation behavior and effect of solvent composition","volume":"139","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(05)80801-4","article-title":"Phase separation in silica sol-gel system containing polyacrylic acid II. Effects of molecular weight and temperature","volume":"139","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(05)80004-3","article-title":"Phase separation in silica sol-gel system containing polyacrylic acid. III. Effect of catalytic condition","volume":"142","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(05)80005-5","article-title":"Phase separation in silica sol-gel system containing polyacrylic acid. IV. Effect of chemical additives","volume":"142","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05236-9","article-title":"Variation of meso- and macroporous morphologies in resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde (RF) gels tailored via a sol\u2013gel process combined with soft-templating and phase separation","volume":"95","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009633102016","article-title":"Designing Double Pore Structure in Alkoxy-Derived Silica Incorporated with Nonionic Surfactant","volume":"5","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00486246","article-title":"Phase separation kinetics in silica sol-gel system containing polyethylene oxide. I. Initial stage\u2014Code: C7","volume":"2","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.67.1327","article-title":"Phase Separation in Silica Sol\u2013Gel System Containing Poly(ethylene oxide). I. Phase Relation and Gel Morphology","volume":"67","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.70.587","article-title":"Phase Separation in Silica Sol-Gel System Containing Poly(ethylene oxide) II. Effects of Molecular Weight and Temperature","volume":"70","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20283","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA16519E","article-title":"Synthesis and morphological characterization of phenyl-modified macroporous-mesoporous hybrid silica monoliths","volume":"5","author":"Meinusch","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(01)00626-4","article-title":"Formation of ordered macropores and templated nanopores in silica sol-gel system incorporated with EO-PO-EO triblock copolymer","volume":"187\u2013188","author":"Sato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1021\/cm702486b","article-title":"Multiscale templating of siloxane gels via polymerization-induced phase separation","volume":"20","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020767820079","article-title":"Supramolecular templating of mesopores in phase-separating silica Sol-Gels incorporated with cationic surfactant","volume":"26","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0213422","article-title":"Versatile double-templating synthesis route to silica monoliths exhibiting a multimodal hierarchical porosity","volume":"15","author":"Schunk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-726-Q9.7","article-title":"Phase separation in alkylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane sol-gel systems","volume":"726","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"MRS Proc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020770209234","article-title":"Phase separation in sol-gel system containing mixture of 3- and 4-functional alkoxysilanes","volume":"26","author":"Itagaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1021\/cm051900n","article-title":"Controlling the morphology of methylsilsesquioxane monoliths using a two-step processing method","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.02.027","article-title":"Transition from transparent aerogels to hierarchically porous monoliths in polymethylsilsesquioxane sol-gel system","volume":"357","author":"Kanamori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11901","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm12141c","article-title":"Superwetting monolithic SiO2 with hierarchical structure for oil removal","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7166","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra20799k","article-title":"Role of block copolymer surfactant on the pore formation in methylsilsesquioxane aerogel systems","volume":"2","author":"Kurahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1021\/cm034036c","article-title":"Periodically mesostructured silica monoliths from diol-modified silanes","volume":"15","author":"Huesing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4262","DOI":"10.1021\/cm048483j","article-title":"Glycol-modified silanes in the synthesis of mesoscopically organized silica monoliths with hierarchical porosity","volume":"17","author":"Brandhuber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2009.03.024","article-title":"Inorganic salt aided synthesis of monolithic silica with meso\/macro hierarchical structure","volume":"123","author":"Zhong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.115916","article-title":"Highly reusable visible light active hierarchical porous WO3\/SiO2 monolith in centimeter length scale for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of toxic pollutants","volume":"231","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"144","article-title":"Preparation of SiO2-TiO2 Gels with Controlled Pore Structure via Sol-Gel Route","volume":"70","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Inst. Chem. Res. Kyoto Univ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-012-2903-7","article-title":"Morphology and dispersion control of titania-silica monolith with macro-meso pore system","volume":"64","author":"Ruzimuradov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2013.05.025","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of hierarchical titania-silica monolith","volume":"216","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02436820","article-title":"Phase Separation Process of Polymer\u2014Incorporated Silica-Zirconia Sol-Gel System","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.2001.3196","article-title":"Silica-alumina catalyst with bimodal pore structure prepared by phase separation in sol-gel process","volume":"200","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16670","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0481658","article-title":"Morphology control of phase-separation-induced alumina-silica macroporous gels for rare-earth-doped scattering media","volume":"108","author":"Murai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1039\/B612501H","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of bimodal porous alumina-silica and its application to removal of basic nitrogen compounds from light oil","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2009.07.016","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of aluminosilica monoliths with hierarchical pore structure and their catalytic performance","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.02.018","article-title":"Preparation of mullite monoliths with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeletons via the sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1039\/b006378i","article-title":"Ni\/SiO2 catalyst with hierarchical pore structare prepared by phase separation in sol-gel process","volume":"2","author":"Nakamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-006-9172-2","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of CuO\/SiO2 and NiO\/SiO2 with bimodal pore structure by sol-gel method","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2009.0440","article-title":"Sol-gel-derived glass scaffold with high pore interconnectivity and enhanced bioactivity","volume":"24","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"65","article-title":"Sol-gel derived nano\/macroporous scaffolds","volume":"48","author":"Marques","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Glas. Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. Part B"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.08.016","article-title":"Preparation of macroporous cordierite monoliths via the sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.07.068","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of macro-mesoporous Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2 monoliths via phase separation route","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj.106.772","article-title":"Morphology Control of Macroporous Silica-Zirconia Gel Based on Phase Separation","volume":"106","author":"Takahashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00944.x","article-title":"Phase Separation in Sol-Gel Process of Alkoxide-Derived Silica-Zirconia in the Presence of Polyethylene Oxide","volume":"84","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2005.01.085","article-title":"Direct observation of the spatial distribution of samarium ions in alumina-silica macroporous monoliths by laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"408\u2013412","author":"Murai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-009-1960-z","article-title":"Nano\/macroporous monolithic scaffolds prepared by the sol-gel method","volume":"51","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1823596","article-title":"Strong light scattering in macroporous TiO2 monoliths induced by phase separation","volume":"85","author":"Fujita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1021\/cm052155h","article-title":"Phase-separation-induced titania monoliths with well-defined macropores and mesostructured framework from colloid-derived sol-gel systems","volume":"18","author":"Konishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0617485","article-title":"Monolithic TiO2 with controlled multiscale porosity via a template-free sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"18","author":"Konishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2010.03831.x","article-title":"Facile Preparation of Hierarchically Porous TiO2 Monoliths","volume":"93","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201100538","article-title":"New hierarchically porous titania monoliths for chromatographic separation media","volume":"34","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.06.016","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of macro-mesoporous titania monoliths and their applications to chromatographic separation media for organophosphate compounds","volume":"1216","author":"Konishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-013-3123-5","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of macroporous TiO2 from ionic precursors via phase separation route","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/01932690600992662","article-title":"Template-Free Sol-Gel Synthesis of Hierarchically Macro- and Mesoporous Monolithic TiO2","volume":"28","author":"Backlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dispers. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-009-2056-5","article-title":"Facile preparation of transparent monolithic titania gels utilizing a chelating ligand and mineral salts","volume":"53","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1021\/cm703351d","article-title":"Crystalline ZrO2 monoliths with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeletons prepared by combining the alkoxy-derived sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation and the solvothermal process","volume":"20","author":"Konishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1021\/cm063051p","article-title":"Synthesis of monolithic Al2O3 with well-defined macropores and mesostructured skeletons via the sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"19","author":"Tokudome","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-013-3157-8","article-title":"Synthesis of monolithic zirconia with macroporous bicontinuous structure via epoxide-driven sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Song, J., Lvlin, Y., Nakanishi, K., Kanamori, K., and Yang, H. (2015). Preparation of macroporous zirconia monoliths from ionic precursors via an epoxide-mediated sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 16.","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/16\/2\/025003"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-016-0143-x","article-title":"Facile preparation of well-defined macroporous yttria-stabilized zirconia monoliths via sol\u2013gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2016.11.012","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel synthesis of macroporous barium zirconate monoliths from ionic precursors via a phase separation route","volume":"102","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA13725B","article-title":"Porous chromium-based ceramic monoliths: Oxides (Cr2O3), nitrides (CrN), and carbides (Cr3C2)","volume":"2","author":"Kido","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1021\/cm300495j","article-title":"Synthesis of monolithic hierarchically porous iron-based xerogels from iron(III) salts via an epoxide-mediated sol-gel process","volume":"24","author":"Kido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-018-4682-2","article-title":"Synthesis of hierarchically porous MgO monoliths with continuous structure via sol\u2013gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"89","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-017-0373-6","article-title":"Preparation of macroporous Li2ZrO3 monoliths via an epoxide-mediated sol\u2013gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01621","article-title":"Hierarchically structured porous spinels via an epoxide-mediated sol\u2212gel process accompanied by polymerization-induced phase separation","volume":"3","author":"Herwig","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"75","article-title":"Preparation of Porous ZnAl2O4 Spinel Monoliths Through Sol-Gel Route Accompanied with Phase Separation","volume":"47","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Xiyou Jinshu Cailiao Yu Gongcheng\/Rare Met. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.08.031","article-title":"Synthesis of well-defined hierarchical porous La2Zr2O7 monoliths via non-alkoxide sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.08.172","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of monolithic ZnAl2O4 spinel with well-defined hierarchical pore structures via a sol-gel route","volume":"727","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2019.280","article-title":"Facile preparation of macro-mesoporous zirconium titanate monoliths via a sol-gel reaction accompanied by phase separation","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11720","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ02373A","article-title":"Preparation of zinc oxide with a three-dimensionally interconnected macroporous structure via a sol-gel method accompanied by phase separation","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2004.06.030","article-title":"Monolithic nickel(II)-based aerogels using an organic epoxide: The importance of the counterion","volume":"350","author":"Gash","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa103","article-title":"Hierarchically porous monoliths based on low-valence transition metal (Cu, Co, Mn) oxides: Gelation and phase separation","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.07.011","article-title":"Macroporous MgO monoliths prepared by sol\u2013gel process with phase separation","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05350-8","article-title":"Preparation and graft modification of hierarchically porous ferriferrous oxide for heavy metal ions adsorption","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra22481c","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of zinc ferrite-based xerogel monoliths with well-defined macropores","volume":"3","author":"Kido","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preparation of macroporous transition metal hydroxide monoliths via a sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045007","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/14\/4\/045007","article-title":"Preparation of a hierarchically porous AlPO4 monolith via an epoxide-mediated sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.12.002","article-title":"Metal zirconium phosphate macroporous monoliths: Versatile synthesis, thermal expansion and mechanical properties","volume":"225","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2011.04613.x","article-title":"Preparation of hierarchically porous nanocrystalline CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 perovskite monoliths","volume":"94","author":"Ruzimuradov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.06.055","article-title":"Preparation of monolithic aluminium titanate with well-defined macropores via a sol-gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"83","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.17662","article-title":"Preparation of hierarchically porous spinel CoMn2O4 monoliths via sol\u2013gel process accompanied by phase separation","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24803","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA03491D","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of nanocrystal-constructed hierarchically porous TiO2 based composites for lithium ion batteries","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b01261","article-title":"Hierarchically Porous Carbon Monoliths Comprising Ordered Mesoporous Nanorod Assemblies for High-Voltage Aqueous Supercapacitors","volume":"28","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202000740","article-title":"A Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Hierarchically Organized Carbon\/TiO2 Monoliths with Ordered Mesopores","volume":"86","author":"Schoiber","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19047","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201911499","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks into Monolithic Materials with Highly Controlled Trimodal Pore Structures","volume":"58","author":"Hara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00356349","article-title":"Morphology of thin anatase coatings prepared from alkoxide solutions containing organic polymer, affecting the photocatalytic decomposition of aqueous acetic acid","volume":"30","author":"Kato","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008736305330","article-title":"Macroporous morphology of the titania films prepared by a sol-gel dip-coating method from the system containing poly(ethylene glycol): Effects of molecular weight and dipping temperature","volume":"19","author":"Kajihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05271-6","article-title":"Synthesis of a bicontinuous structured SrTiO3 porous film with significant photocatalytic activity by controlling phase separation process","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416592111","article-title":"Multiple patterns of polymer gels in microspheres due to the interplay among phase separation, wetting, and gelation","volume":"111","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.11.073","article-title":"guo Waxberry-like hierarchically porous ethyl-bridged hybrid silica microsphere: A substrate for enzyme catalysis and high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"1587","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-015-3935-6","article-title":"Synthesis and application of several sol\u2013gel-derived materials via sol\u2013gel process combining with other technologies: A review","volume":"79","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2008.05.010","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of hierarchically porous silica microspheres with penetrable macropores and tunable mesopores","volume":"116","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-020-2328-z","article-title":"Effect of Al2O3 on the Process Performance of ZrO2 Microspheres","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2007.10.003","article-title":"Synthesis of micrometer sized mesoporous metal oxide spheres by nanocasting","volume":"112","author":"Lindner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2012.08.046","article-title":"Synthesis of hierarchically macro\/meso\/microporous carbon spheres and its application in fast rechargeable electric double layer capacitor","volume":"88","author":"Luan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2014.06.024","article-title":"Synthesis of visible-light driven CrxOy-TiO2 binary photocatalyst based on hierarchical macro-mesoporous silica","volume":"163","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200390002","article-title":"Nanocrystalline transition-metal oxide spheres with controlled multi-scale porosity","volume":"13","author":"Grosso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7573-5","article-title":"Synthesis of 3D micro- and nano-hierarchical structure InVO4 porous microspheres with improved visible-light photocatalytic activities","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201701325","article-title":"A Carbon Quantum Dots\/Porous InVO4 Microsphere Composite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity","volume":"2018","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.26066","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of monodisperse porous silica microspheres with controllable morphology and structure","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"8952","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Monodisperse Magnetic Porous Nickel Microspheres as Novel Catalysts","volume":"5","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1021\/am405202d","article-title":"Fabrication of monodisperse porous zirconia microspheres and their phosphorylation for friedel-crafts alkylation of indoles","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj.101.1180","article-title":"Synthesis of Spherical Porous Silica Particles","volume":"101","author":"Mori","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ02509E","article-title":"Preparation of porous alumina microspheres via an oil-in-water emulsion method accompanied by a sol-gel process","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2013.12.002","article-title":"A facile one-step route to synthesize titania hollow microspheres with incontinuous multicavities","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-015-3817-y","article-title":"Preparation of porous zirconia microspheres via emulsion method combined with phase separation","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.02.043","article-title":"Synthesis of micrometer-sized hard silica spheres with uniform mesopore size and textural pores","volume":"299","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.04.066","article-title":"Synthesis of penetrable macroporous silica spheres for high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"1216","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2011.572212","article-title":"Fast separation of sulfanilamides using macroporous silica spheres as the separation media","volume":"34","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.10.040","article-title":"Fast profiling ecotoxicity and skin permeability of benzophenone ultraviolet filters using biopartitioning micellar chromatography based on penetrable silica spheres","volume":"804","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9163-7","article-title":"Penetrable silica microspheres for immobilization of bovine serum albumin and their application to the study of the interaction between imatinib mesylate and protein by frontal affinity chromatography","volume":"408","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2017.1421552","article-title":"The flow-through silica as the matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles for HPLC applications","volume":"41","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.09.093","article-title":"Flow-through silica: A potential matrix for fast chromatographic enantioseparation with high enantioselectivity","volume":"178","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2010.12.035","article-title":"Drug delivery devices based on macroporous silica spheres","volume":"126","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"626","article-title":"Synthesis of macroporous silica spheres for drug delivery","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.02.057","article-title":"Bimodal porous silica microspheres decorated with polydopamine nano-particles for the adsorption of methylene blue in fixed-bed columns","volume":"470","author":"Nematollahzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s13726-018-0637-2","article-title":"Perforative silica microsphere-modified phenolphthalein-based poly(arylene ether sulfone) composites: Tensile and thermal properties","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. Polym. J. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmx028","article-title":"Facile Synthesis and Chiral Separation of Chiral Mesoporous Silica Microspheres","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC02909H","article-title":"Facile synthesis of monodisperse YAG:Ce3+ microspheres with high quantum yield via an epoxide-driven sol-gel route","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.10.056","article-title":"Hybrid custom-tailored sol-gel derived microscaffold for biocides immobilization","volume":"261","author":"Loureiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CE00471K","article-title":"Electrospun TiO2-SiO2 fibres with hierarchical pores from phase separation","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/15\/4247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:36:58Z","timestamp":1760164618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/15\/4247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14154247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14154247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}}}