{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:56:24Z","timestamp":1770065784816,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/118428\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/118428\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/04463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04463\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interventions in concrete heritage deal with challenges related to conservation, and must be performed from an integrated restoration perspective. In addition to the material technical performance, the aesthetic compatibility between the repair and the structure, in terms of colour and texture, needs to be ensured. Therefore, the characterisation of the restoration mortar concerning colour match and aging, and the mechanical and durability performances, is essential. In this article, the long-term behaviour of restoration mortar, previously designed and produced by the addition of pigments to white and grey cement-based reference mortar, is evaluated. The durability properties, colour change due to aging, and service life are estimated and analysed. An experimental program is performed to characterise the following properties: (i) water capillary absorption; (ii) accelerated carbonation; (iii) migration of chloride ions; (iv) electrical resistivity; and (v) shrinkage. The colour evolution, when exposed to carbonation, is measured through image processing. The obtained results allow the establishment of a correlation between durability and design parameters. Finally, service life considering deterioration due to steel corrosion is estimated, considering the carbonation resistance and the chloride diffusion values. It is concluded that the W\/C ratio influences not only most of the characterised parameters, but also the type and content of the pigment. Furthermore, no colour variation due to carbonation is detected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T08:35:52Z","timestamp":1628670952000},"page":"4508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design and Durability Assessment of Restoring Mortar for Concrete Heritage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Judite","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEC-Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3natas","family":"Valen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3254-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo do","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEC-Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1690-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"J\u00falio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gaudette, P. (2019, April 24). Special Considerations in Repair of Historic Concrete. Concrete Repair Bulletin, International Concrete Repair Institute, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota 55114 USA, January\/February. Available online: https:\/\/www.icri.org\/page\/CRB_pastissues."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"McDonald, S., and Gon\u00e7alves, A. (2020). Conservation Principles for Concrete of Cultural Significance. Principles, Getty Co Servation Institute."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.055","article-title":"Patch restoration method: A new concept for concrete heritage","volume":"101","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"535","article-title":"Chromatic design and application of restoration mortars on smooth surfaces of white and gray concrete. Structural Concrete","volume":"22","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fiber"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Coloured concrete restoration method. For chromatic design and application of restoration mortars on smooth surfaces of coloured concrete. Structural Concrete","volume":"20","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fiber"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Coutinho, A.S., and Gon\u00e7alves, A. (1994). Concrete Manufacturing and Properties, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC). (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Coutinho, J.S. (2005). Improving the Durability of Concrete by Treating Formwork, FEUP. [1st ed.]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"EN 206-1 (2007). Concrete\u2014Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity, CEN."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Miranda, J. (2016). Method for the Characterization and Application of Restoration Mortars on Smooth Concrete Surfaces. DEGRADA 2016. 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Available online: https:\/\/www.ccaa.com.au."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"E463 Concrete (2004). Determination of the Chloride Diffusion Coefficient by Migration Test in a Non-Stationary Regime, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC). (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Silva, P.C.F. (2011). Electrical Resisitivity and Concrete Quality Control Master\u2019s Dissertation. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Minho]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Cascudo, O. (2005). Teaching Reseatch and Achievements, Ibracon."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"AASHTO T 358 (2015). Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete\u2019s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EN 1015-13 (1995). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 13. Determination of Dimensional Stability of Hardened Mortars, CEN."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/col.5080150308","article-title":"Historical development of CIE recommended color difference equations","volume":"15","author":"Robertson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Deutsches Institut fur Normung (2007). DIN 6174: Colorimetric Evaluation of Colour Coordinates and Colour Differences According to the Approximately Uniform CIELAB Colour Space, DIN Edition."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"E465 (2007). Methodology for Estimating the Concrete Performance Properties Allowing to Comply with the Design Working Life of the Reinforced or Prestressed Concrete Structures under the Environmental Exposures XC and XS, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC). (In Portuguese)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/16\/4508\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:44:07Z","timestamp":1760165047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/16\/4508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14164508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14164508","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}