{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:33:48Z","timestamp":1772138028720,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sol\u2013gel synthesis using inorganic and\/or organic precursors that undergo hydrolysis and condensation at room temperature is a very attractive and less energetic method for preparing bioactive glass (BG) compositions, as an alternative to the melt-quenching process. When properly conducted, sol\u2013gel synthesis might result in amorphous structures, with all of the components intimately mixed at the atomic scale. Moreover, developing new and better performing materials for bone tissue engineering is a growing concern, as the aging of the world\u2019s population leads to lower bone density and osteoporosis. This work describes the sol\u2013gel synthesis of a novel quaternary silicate-based BG with the composition 60 SiO2\u201334 CaO\u20134 MgO\u20132 P2O5 (mol%), which was prepared using acidified distilled water as a single solvent. By controlling the kinetics of the hydrolysis and condensation steps, an amorphous glass structure could be obtained. The XRD results of samples calcined within the temperature range of 600\u2013900 \u00b0C demonstrated that the amorphous nature was maintained until 800 \u00b0C, followed by partial crystallization at 900 \u00b0C. The specific surface area\u2014an important factor in osteoconduction\u2014was also evaluated over different temperatures, ranging from 160.6 \u00b1 0.8 m2\/g at 600 \u00b0C to 2.2 \u00b1 0.1 m2\/g at 900 \u00b0C, accompanied by consistent changes in average pore size and pore size distribution. The immersion of the BG particles in simulated body fluid (SBF) led to the formation of an extensive apatite layer on its surface. These overall results indicate that the proposed material is very promising for biomedical applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T21:48:12Z","timestamp":1628718492000},"page":"4515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Sol\u2013Gel Synthesis and Characterization of a Quaternary Bioglass for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8235-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Bento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-6092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuraag","family":"Gaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.002","article-title":"Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America","volume":"71","author":"Biggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.12.008","article-title":"World health inequality: Convergence, divergence, and development","volume":"72","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. 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