{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:07:53Z","timestamp":1761491273176,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020, UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020, UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-52-06004 MNTI_a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-52-06004 MNTI_a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2021-588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001738","name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Space","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-16492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-16492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to generate mechanical strain proportional to an external electric field. Though many biomolecular crystals contain polar molecules, they are frequently centrosymmetric, signifying that the dipole moments of constituent molecules cancel each other. However, piezoelectricity can be induced by stereospecific doping leading to symmetry reduction. Here, we applied piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), highly sensitive to local piezoelectricity, to characterize (01\u00af0) faces of a popular biomolecular material, \u03b1-glycine, doped with other amino acids such as L-alanine and L-threonine as well as co-doped with both. We show that, while apparent vertical piezoresponse is prone to parasitic electrostatic effects, shear piezoelectric activity is strongly affected by doping. Undoped \u03b1-glycine shows no shear piezoelectric response at all. The shear response of the L-alanine doped crystals is much larger than those of the L-threonine doped crystals and co-doped crystals. These observations are rationalized in terms of host\u2013guest molecule interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T22:49:51Z","timestamp":1630363791000},"page":"4922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Local Piezoelectric Properties of Doped Biomolecular Crystals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3432-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Kholkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics & CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Alikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics & CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Shur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Shiri","family":"Dishon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ehre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Lubomirsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218595","article-title":"Metabolite Profiling Identifies a Key Role for Glycine in Rapid Cancer Cell Proliferation","volume":"336","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"376","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000016025","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of glycine for therapy of acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Gusev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.09.004","article-title":"Crystallizing amino acids as bulking agents in freeze-drying","volume":"132","author":"Horn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dishon, S., Ushakov, A., Nuraeva, A., Ehre, D., Lahav, M., Shur, V., Kholkin, A., and Lubomirsky, I. (2020). Surface Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity in Centrosymmetric Materials: A Case of \u03b1-Glycine. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204663"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat5045","article-title":"Control of piezoelectricity in amino acids by supramolecular packing","volume":"17","author":"Guerin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201103011","article-title":"Nanoscale ferroelectricity in crystalline \u03b3-glycine","volume":"22","author":"Heredia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Func. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf2155","article-title":"Wafer-scale heterostructured piezoelectric bio-organic thin films","volume":"373","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13351","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13351","article-title":"Origin and structure of polar domains in doped molecular crystals","volume":"7","author":"Meirzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2020.1722000","article-title":"Calibration of the in-plane PFM response by the lateral force curves","volume":"559","author":"Alikin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.148808","article-title":"In-plane polarization contribution to the vertical piezoresponse force microscopy signal mediated by the cantilever \u201cbuckling\u201d","volume":"543","author":"Alikin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355705","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/35\/355705","article-title":"Mapping nanoscale elasticity and dissipation using dual frequency contact resonance AFM","volume":"22","author":"Gannepalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425707","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/42\/425707","article-title":"Quantification of surface displacements and electromechanical phenomena via dynamic atomic force microscopy","volume":"27","author":"Balke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1331654","article-title":"Principle of ferroelectric domain imaging using atomic force microscope","volume":"89","author":"Hong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.01.080","article-title":"Diminish electrostatic in piezoresponse force microscopy through longer or ultra-stiff tips","volume":"439","author":"Gomez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2019.112839","article-title":"Significance of electrostatic interactions due to surface potential in piezoresponse force microscopy","volume":"207","author":"Seol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86252-9","article-title":"Quantitative probe for in-plane piezoelectric coupling in 2D materials","volume":"11","author":"Yarajena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/17\/4922\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1760165713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/17\/4922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14174922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14174922","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]}}}