{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T02:48:45Z","timestamp":1761965325986,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, lignosulfonate (LS) from the acid sulfite pulping of eucalypt wood was used to synthesize LS-based polyurethanes (PUs) doped with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within the range of 0.1\u20131.4% w\/w, yielding a unique conducting copolymer composite, which was employed as a sensitive material for all-solid-state potentiometric chemical sensors. LS-based PUs doped with 1.0% w\/w MWCNTs exhibited relevant electrical conductivity suitable for sensor applications. The LS-based potentiometric sensor displayed a near-Nernstian or super-Nernstian response to a wide range of transition metals, including Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Hg(II), and Ag(I) at pH 7 and Cr(VI) at pH 2. It also exhibited a redox response to the Fe(II)\/(III) redox pair at pH 2. Unlike other lignin-based potentiometric sensors in similar composite materials, this LS-based flexible polymeric membrane did not show irreversible complexation with Hg(II). Only a weak response toward ionic liquids, [C2mim]Cl and ChCl, was registered. Unlike LS-based composites comprising MWCNTs, those doped with graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO), and graphite (Gr) did not reveal the same electrical conductivity, even with loads up to 10% (w\/w), in the polymer composite. This fact is associated, at least partially, with the different filler dispersion abilities within the polymeric matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T21:47:11Z","timestamp":1631742431000},"page":"5331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lignosulfonate-Based Conducting Flexible Polymeric Membranes for Liquid Sensing Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Magina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa","family":"Rudnitskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Soreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7666-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Cadillon","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barros-Timmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Evtuguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-021-00127-0","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: A comprehensive and critical review","volume":"4","author":"Qasem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.031","article-title":"A review on various electrochemical techniques for heavy metal ions detection with different sensing platforms","volume":"94","author":"Bansod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2019.1711013","article-title":"Application of Potentiometric Sensors in Real Samples","volume":"51","author":"Isildak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103303","article-title":"A review on the determination heavy metals ions using calixarene-based electrochemical sensors","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, S.S.L., Rudnitskaya, A., Sales, A.J.M., Costa, L.M.C., and Evtuguin, D.V. (2020). Nanocomposite polymeric materials based on eucalyptus lignoboost\u00ae kraft lignin for liquid sensing applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071637"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.04.004","article-title":"All-solid-state potentiometric sensors: A new wave for in situ aquatic research","volume":"10","author":"Cuartero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.024","article-title":"Wearable potentiometric ion sensors","volume":"110","author":"Parrilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applications of Potentiometric Sensors for the Determination of Drug Molecules in Biological Samples","volume":"29","author":"Berkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125215","article-title":"Evaluating the hazardous impact of ionic liquids\u2014Challenges and opportunities","volume":"412","author":"Magina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1039\/C6QM00150E","article-title":"Conducting polymer composites: Material synthesis and applications in electrochemical capacitive energy storage","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"78","article-title":"Conducting polymers and composites nanowires for energy devices: A brief review","volume":"3","author":"Hryniewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37834","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA06160C","article-title":"Recent developments in conducting polymers: Applications for electrochemistry","volume":"10","author":"Tajik","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ostroverkhova, O. (2019). Processing and patterning of conducting polymers for flexible, stretchable, and biomedical electronics. Handbook of Organic Materials for Electronic and Photonic Devices, Elsevier Ltd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalifeh, S. (2020). Optimized electronic polymers, small molecules, complexes, and elastomers for organic electronic systems. Polymers in Organic Electronics, ChemTec Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-927885-67-3.50008-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b12474","article-title":"Conducting Polymer-Based Catalysts","volume":"138","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kuruvilla, J., Runcy, W., and Gejo, G. (2020). Conducting polymer composites: An efficient EMI shielding material. Materials for Potential EMI Shielding Applications, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2020.116664","article-title":"Conducting polymer based composites as efficient EMI shielding materials: A comprehensive review and future prospects","volume":"272","author":"Maruthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124100","article-title":"Poly (L-lactic acid)\/lithium ferrite composites: Electrical properties","volume":"230","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.09.001","article-title":"Applications of conducting polymer composites to electrochemical sensors: A review","volume":"9","author":"Naveen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Deep, A., and Kumar, S. (2019). Conducting Polymers and metal-organic frameworks as advanced materials for development of nanosensors. Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5907","article-title":"Sensors based on conductive polymers and their composites: A review","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2020.1734818","article-title":"Advances in Responsively Conductive Polymer Composites and Sensing Applications","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Carbon-based nanomaterials for the development of sensitive nanosensor platforms","volume":"Volume 60","author":"Deep","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.04.155","article-title":"Electrochemical impedance study of the lignin-derived conducting polymer","volume":"76","author":"Rudnitskaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loos, M. (2015). Fundamentals of polymer matrix composites containing CNTs. Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-3195-4.00005-9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-3006-9","article-title":"A review of the electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.03.005","article-title":"Comparison of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide filled epoxy nanocomposite adhesives","volume":"141","author":"Aradhana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.05.065","article-title":"quan Adsorption of metal ions on lignin","volume":"151","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7181","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01345","article-title":"Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives in Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in Water: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113510","article-title":"Lignin-based adsorbent materials for metal ion removal from wastewater: A review","volume":"167","author":"Santander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA14333C","article-title":"Dithiocarbamate functionalized lignin for efficient removal of metallic ions and the usage of the metal-loaded bio-sorbents as potential free radical scavengers","volume":"2","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b00072","article-title":"Clickable Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole Modified Lignin-Based Adsorbent for the Selective Removal of Cd(II)","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4140","article-title":"Lignin-based polyurethane doped with carbon nanotubes for sensor applications","volume":"61","author":"Faria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1039\/C2AN36390A","article-title":"Potentiometric chemical sensors from lignin-poly(propylene oxide) copolymers doped by carbon nanotubes","volume":"138","author":"Rudnitskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Magina, S., Barros-Timmons, A., and Evtuguin, D.V. (2018, January 26\u201329). Changes in potentialities of acidic sulphite pulping spent liquors while re-profiling mill from paper-grade to dissolving pulps. Proceedings of the 15th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP2018)\u2014Posters Presentations, Aveiro, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(97)00245-0","article-title":"Polyurethanes based on oxygen-organosolv lignin","volume":"34","author":"Evtuguin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellamy, L.J. (1980). The Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules. Volume Advances in Infrared Group Frequencies, Chapmanand Hall. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-6520-4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-015-0770-y","article-title":"Effect of hard segments on the thermal and mechanical properties of water blown semi-rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"22","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2004.04.022","article-title":"Characterisation of structure-dependent functional properties of lignin with infrared spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Boeriu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Heitner, C., Dimmel, D., and Schmidt, J.A. (2010). Vibrational spectroscopy. Lignin and Lignans: Advances in Chemistry, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(98)00026-3","article-title":"Molecular structure and dielectric properties of some treated lignins","volume":"62","author":"Dawy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"167","article-title":"Infrared study of lignin: Assignment of methoxyl C-H bending and stretching bands","volume":"51","author":"Collier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1515\/hfsg.1992.46.6.523","article-title":"Infrared study of lignin: Reexamination of acryl-alkyl ether C-O stretching","volume":"46","author":"Collier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0371-1951(56)80102-1","article-title":"Infra-red spectra of some organic sulphur-oxygen compounds","volume":"11","author":"Detoni","year":"1956","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Sarkanen, K.V., and Ludwig, C.H. (1971). Infrared spectra. Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/02773810903207754","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Spent Liquors from Acidic Magnesium-Based Sulphite Pulping of Eucalyptus globulus","volume":"29","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wood Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1515\/hfsg.1991.45.5.355","article-title":"Thermogravimetry\/Mass Spectrometry of Various Lignosulfonates as well as of a Kraft and Acetosolv Lignin","volume":"45","author":"Jakab","year":"1991","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"353","article-title":"Thermal degradation of lignin\u2014A review","volume":"44","author":"Brebu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2009.06.002","article-title":"Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes","volume":"34","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00579968","article-title":"Electrical properties of lignin","volume":"19","author":"Chupka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Jawaid, M., Bouhfid, R., and Qaiss, A.E.K. (2019). Comparison Between functionalized graphene and carbon nanotubes: Effect of morphology and surface group on mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of nanocomposites. Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Derivatives: Synthesis, Processing and Applications, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2010.496405","article-title":"The electrical properties and conducting mechanisms of carbon nanotube\/polymer nanocomposites: A review","volume":"49","author":"Min","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/267673a0","article-title":"The \u201cuniversal\u201d dielectric response","volume":"267","author":"Jonscher","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542364","article-title":"A new understanding of the dielectric relaxation of solids","volume":"16","author":"Jonscher","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.24121","article-title":"Universal power law behavior of the AC conductivity versus frequency of agglomerate morphologies in conductive carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy networks","volume":"54","author":"Greenhoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2017.11.008","article-title":"Interfacial polarization and dielectric properties of aligned carbon nanotubes\/polymer composites: The role of molecular polarity","volume":"154","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199466122527","article-title":"Recomendations for nomenclature of ion-selective electrodes (IUPAC recommendations 1994)","volume":"66","author":"Buck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2983-x","article-title":"Removal of trivalent chromium from aqueous solution using aluminum oxide hydroxide","volume":"5","author":"Bedemo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(86)80187-4","article-title":"The distribution of chromium(VI) species in solution as a function of pH and concentration","volume":"33","year":"1986","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(94)00124-3","article-title":"Chalcogenide glass chemical sensors: Research and analytical applications","volume":"41","author":"Vlasov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200072101851","article-title":"Potentiometric selectivity coefficients of ion-selective electrodes part I. Inorganic cations (technical report)","volume":"72","author":"Umezawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lvova, L., Kirsanov, D., Di Natale, C., and Legin, A. (2013). Lignin applications in chemical sensing. Multisensor Systems For Chemical Analysis, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15491"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belgacem, N., and Pizzi, A. (2016). Sulphite pulping. Lignocellulosic Fibers and Wood Handbook: Renewable Materials for Today\u2019s Environment, Scrivener Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118773727"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.02.11","article-title":"Cu2+-selective sensors based on a new ion-carrier and their application for the analysis of copper content of water samples","volume":"12","author":"Faridbod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amr, A.E.G.E., Al-Omar, M.A., Kamel, A.H., and Elsayed, E.A. (2019). Single-piece solid contact Cu2+-Selective Electrodes Based on a synthesized macrocyclic calix[4]arene derivative as a neutral carrier ionophore. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050920"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-012-1759-7","article-title":"Solid-state ion selective electrode based on polypyrrole conducting polymer nanofilm as a new potentiometric sensor for Zn2+ ion","volume":"16","author":"Ansari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/00032711003783028","article-title":"Highly sensitive membrane electrode based on a copper(II)-bis(n-4-Methylphenyl-salicyldenaminato) complex for the determination of chromate","volume":"44","author":"Benvidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2013-0530","article-title":"Solid-contact polyvinyl chloride membrane electrode based on the bis[(2-(hydroxyethylimino)phenolato]copper(II) complex for trace level determination of copper ions in wastewater","volume":"92","author":"Andac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.09.027","article-title":"Development of all solid state chromium(III) selective sensor by using newly synthesized triazole derivative as an ionophore in PVC matrix","volume":"87","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13738-015-0749-y","article-title":"Preparation and analytical application of new Cr3+-selective membrane electrodes based on acylhydrazone-containing benzimidazole derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Iran. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160000397","article-title":"Selective electrodes for silver based on polymeric membranes containing calix[4]arene derivatives","volume":"367","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/s21000417","article-title":"Sensor for silver(I) ion based on schiff-base-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene","volume":"2","author":"Mahajan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"63","article-title":"A Silver(I) PVC-Membrane Sensor Based on Synthesized Dilaktam Crown Ether","volume":"53","author":"Masrournia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2010.31.6.1699","article-title":"Polymeric membrane silver-ion selective electrodes based on schiff base N,N\u2019-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)benzene-1,2-diamine","volume":"31","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1039\/b302819b","article-title":"Highly selective copper membrane electrode using C-p-nitrophenyl-N-phenylnitrone","volume":"27","author":"Mehdipoor","year":"2003","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"438","article-title":"A Zinc Selective Polymeric Membrane Electrode Based on N,N\u2032-benzene-1,2-diylbis[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanimine] as an Ionophore","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sch. Acad. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.11.010","article-title":"Fabrication of copper-selective PVC membrane electrode based on newly synthesized copper complex of Schiff base as carrier","volume":"20","author":"Chandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.11.003","article-title":"Copper(II)-selective potentiometric sensors based on porphyrins in PVC matrix","volume":"117","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201000187","article-title":"Response characteristics of copper-selective polymer membrane electrodes based on a newly synthesized macrocyclic calix[4]arene derivative as a neutral carrier ionophore","volume":"22","author":"Kamel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.11.119","article-title":"Poly(vinyl) chloride membrane copper-selective electrode based on 1-phenyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenylhydrazo)butane-1,3-dione","volume":"186","author":"Kopylovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)08109-9","article-title":"Zinc(II) Selective Electrode based on Polymeric Membrane of 2,6-Diacetylpyridinebis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide) Ligand","volume":"9","author":"Isa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.12.021","article-title":"Ion imprinted polymer based potentiometric sensor for the trace determination of Cadmium (II) ions","volume":"10","author":"Darroudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934819080148","article-title":"Estimation of Trace Level Cadmium(II) by Polyaniline-zirconium Phosphoborate Nanocomposite-based Membrane Electrode","volume":"74","author":"Kaushal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.10.039","article-title":"Schiff bases as cadmium(II) selective ionophores in polymeric membrane electrodes","volume":"583","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.03.014","article-title":"Neutral carriers based polymeric membrane electrodes for selective determination of mercury (II)","volume":"590","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-010-9837-x","article-title":"Mercury(II) ion recognition by newly synthesized oxadiazaphosphepine based receptors: Coated graphite and polymeric membrane electrodes","volume":"69","author":"Puri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6798.1000111","article-title":"Chemical Sensor for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Water","volume":"1","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-012-0802-9","article-title":"A solid state Cr(VI) ion-selective electrode based on polypyrrole","volume":"178","author":"Ansari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9710184","article-title":"A Phase Boundary Potential Model for Apparently \u201cTwice-Nernstian\u201d Responses of Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes","volume":"70","author":"Amemiya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10125485","article-title":"Chelation of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Fe(II) by tannin constituents of selected edible nuts","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.06.008","article-title":"Electrical conductivities of carbon powder nanofillers and their latex-based polymer composites","volume":"53","author":"Ghislandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/18\/5331\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:24Z","timestamp":1760166024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/18\/5331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14185331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14185331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]}}}