{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:53:26Z","timestamp":1775148806935,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007434","name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functionally graded material (FGM) based on Inconel 625 and AISI 431 stainless steel powders was produced by applying the direct laser deposition (DLD) process. The FGM starts with layers of Inconel 625 and ends with layers of 431 stainless steel having three intermediate zones with the composition (100-X)% Inconel 625-X% 431 stainless steel, X = 25, 50, and 75, in that order. This FGM was deposited on a 42CrMo4 steel substrate, with and without preheating. Microstructures of these FGMs were evaluated, while considering the distribution of chemical composition and grain structure. Microstructures mainly consisted of columnar grains independent of preheating condition; epitaxial growth was observed. The application of a non-preheated substrate caused the formation of planar grains in the vicinity of the substrate. In addition, hardness maps were produced. The hardness distribution across these FGMs confirmed a smooth transition between deposited layers; however, the heat-affected zone was greatly influenced by the preheating condition. This study suggests that an optimum Inconel 625\/AISI 431 FGM obtained by DLD should not exceed 50% AISI 431 stainless steel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14195595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T10:39:20Z","timestamp":1632739160000},"page":"5595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Inconel 625\/AISI 413 Stainless Steel Functionally Graded Material Produced by Direct Laser Deposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Alves","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Emadinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERMEC-Group, R. de Montezelo 540, 4425-348 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rosanete","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Fernando","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2013.02.006","article-title":"Metallic Functionally Graded Materials: A Specific Class of Advanced Composites","volume":"29","author":"Sobczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. 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