{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:13:41Z","timestamp":1776323621334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Guangdong, China","award":["20210703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210703"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang, China","award":["2021C01022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aptly enabled by recent developments in additive manufacturing technology, the concept of functionally grading some cementitious composites to improve structural compression forms is warranted. In this work, existing concrete models available in Abaqus Finite Element (FE) packages are utilized to simulate the performance of some cementitious composites numerically and apply them to functional grading using the multi-layer approach. If yielding good agreement with the experimental results, two-layer and three-layer models case combinations are developed to study the role of layer position and volume. The optimal and sub-optimal performance of the multi-layer concrete configurations based on compressive strength and sustained strains are assessed. The results of the models suggest that layer volume and position influence the performance of multi-layer concrete. It is observed that when there exists a substantial difference in material strengths between the concrete mixes that make up the various layers of a functionally graded structure, the influence of position and of material volume are significant in a two-layer configuration. In contrast, in a three-layer configuration, layer position is of minimal effect, and volume has a significant effect only if two of the three layers are made from the same material. Thus, a multilayered design approach to compression structures can significantly improve strength and strain performance. Finally, application scenarios on some structural compression forms are shown, and their future trajectory is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14226882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T08:19:20Z","timestamp":1636964360000},"page":"6882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Numerical Study on 3D Printed Cementitious Composites Mixes Subjected to Axial Compression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanqiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Structures and Naval Architectures, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King-James Idala","family":"Egbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Matin Nazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310000, China"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Structures and Naval Architectures, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Yangjiang Offshore Wind Energy Laboratory, Yangjiang 529500, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101146","article-title":"An automated system for 3D printing functionally graded concrete-based materials","volume":"33","author":"Craveiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. 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